Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

IUPAC Naming

Organic Chemistry

4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

IUPAC Naming

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4:59 minutes

Problem 2c,d

Textbook Question

Name the following alkanes and haloalkanes. When two or more substituents are present, list them in alphabetical order.
(c)
(d)

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Identify the longest continuous carbon chain in the molecule. This will determine the base name of the alkane.

Step 2: Number the carbon atoms in the longest chain starting from the end nearest to the first substituent. This ensures the lowest possible numbers for the substituents.

Step 3: Identify and name each substituent attached to the main carbon chain. Substituents can be alkyl groups or halogens.

Step 4: List the substituents in alphabetical order, ignoring any numerical prefixes like 'di-', 'tri-', etc., when determining the order.

Step 5: Combine the names of the substituents with the base name of the alkane, using the numbers to indicate the position of each substituent on the carbon chain. Use hyphens to separate numbers from words and commas to separate numbers.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

IUPAC Nomenclature for Alkanes

The IUPAC nomenclature system provides a standardized way to name organic compounds. For alkanes, the longest continuous carbon chain is identified as the parent chain, and its name is based on the number of carbon atoms it contains. Substituents attached to the parent chain are named as prefixes, and their positions are indicated by numbers, ensuring the lowest possible numbers for substituents.

Nomenclature of Haloalkanes

Haloalkanes are alkanes that contain one or more halogen atoms (such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) as substituents. In naming haloalkanes, the halogen substituents are treated as prefixes (e.g., fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-) and are listed in alphabetical order along with other substituents. The position of each halogen is indicated by a number corresponding to its attachment point on the carbon chain.

Alphabetical Order of Substituents

When naming compounds with multiple substituents, the substituents are listed in alphabetical order in the compound's name. This rule applies regardless of the nature of the substituents, whether they are alkyl groups or halogens. The prefixes such as di-, tri-, etc., used to indicate multiple identical substituents, are not considered in the alphabetical ordering.