Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds

Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Organic Chemistry

13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds

Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

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3:41 minutes

Problem 4c

Textbook Question

Give the oxidation state of the palladium in each of the following forms.
(c) Pd(PPh₃)₄

Verified step by step guidance

Identify the ligands attached to the palladium. In this case, the ligand is triphenylphosphine (PPh₃).

Determine the charge of the ligand. Triphenylphosphine (PPh₃) is a neutral ligand, meaning it has a charge of 0.

Write the general formula for the complex: Pd(PPh₃)₄. Here, Pd is the metal center and PPh₃ is the ligand.

Set up the equation to find the oxidation state of palladium (Pd). Since the overall charge of the complex is neutral, the sum of the oxidation state of Pd and the charges of the ligands must equal zero.

Solve for the oxidation state of Pd. Since each PPh₃ ligand is neutral, the oxidation state of Pd in Pd(PPh₃)₄ is 0.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Oxidation State

The oxidation state is a number assigned to an element in a compound that represents the number of electrons lost or gained by an atom of that element in the compound. It helps in understanding the electron distribution in chemical compounds and is crucial for determining the reactivity and properties of the compound.

Coordination Complex

A coordination complex consists of a central metal atom or ion bonded to surrounding molecules or ions, known as ligands. In Pd(PPh₃)₄, palladium is the central metal, and triphenylphosphine (PPh₃) acts as the ligand. Understanding the structure and bonding in coordination complexes is essential for determining the oxidation state of the metal.

Neutral Ligands

Neutral ligands, such as PPh₃, do not alter the oxidation state of the central metal when they coordinate to it. They donate electron pairs to the metal without changing its charge. Recognizing the nature of ligands is important for calculating the oxidation state of the metal in coordination complexes.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

Use oxidation numbers to determine whether the following are redox reactions.

(b)

Textbook Question

Draw the products of the following reactions. Indicate whether each reaction is an oxidation or a reduction.

Textbook Question

Draw the products of the following reactions. Indicate whether each reaction is an oxidation or a reduction.

Textbook Question

Draw the products of the following reactions. Indicate whether each reaction is an oxidation or a reduction.

Textbook Question

Give the oxidation state of the palladium in each of the following forms.

(d) H₃C―Pd―Br

Textbook Question

Identify the following reactions as oxidation or reduction (based on what happens to the organic molecule).

(c)

Textbook Question

Identify the following reactions as oxidation or reduction (based on what happens to the organic molecule).

(b)

Textbook Question

Identify the following reactions as oxidation or reduction (based on what happens to the organic molecule).

(a)

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Give the oxidation state of the palladium in each of the following forms. (c) Pd(PPh₃)₄

Key Concepts

Oxidation State

Coordination Complex

Neutral Ligands

Watch next

Give the oxidation state of the palladium in each of the following forms.
(c) Pd(PPh₃)₄