Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

28. Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides - Cyclization

Organic Chemistry

28. Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides - Cyclization

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Multiple Choice

Which type of reaction is responsible for the cyclization of monosaccharides in the Calvin cycle?

Esterification

Nucleophilic addition

Hydrolysis

Aldol condensation

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Verified step by step guidance

Begin by understanding the Calvin cycle, which is a series of biochemical reactions that occur in the chloroplasts of photosynthetic organisms. It involves the fixation of carbon dioxide into organic molecules.

Recognize that monosaccharides can undergo cyclization, which is the process of forming a ring structure from a linear molecule. This is common in carbohydrate chemistry.

Identify the types of reactions listed: Esterification involves the formation of an ester from an alcohol and an acid; Hydrolysis involves breaking chemical bonds with water; Aldol condensation involves the reaction between an aldehyde or ketone with a carbonyl compound to form a β-hydroxy ketone or aldehyde.

Focus on nucleophilic addition, which is a reaction where a nucleophile forms a bond with an electrophile. In the context of monosaccharide cyclization, the nucleophilic addition involves the attack of a hydroxyl group on the carbonyl carbon, leading to the formation of a hemiacetal or hemiketal.

Conclude that nucleophilic addition is responsible for the cyclization of monosaccharides, as it allows the formation of a ring structure by the addition of a nucleophile to the carbonyl group, resulting in a stable cyclic hemiacetal or hemiketal.