Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

Naming Alkyl Halides

Organic Chemistry

4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

Naming Alkyl Halides

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6:04 minutes

Problem 20b

Textbook Question

Give two names for each of the following alkyl halides and indicate whether each is primary, secondary, or tertiary:
b.

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the structure of alkyl halides. Alkyl halides are organic compounds containing a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, or I) attached to an alkyl group. The classification into primary, secondary, or tertiary depends on the number of carbon atoms directly attached to the carbon bonded to the halogen.

Step 2: Analyze the given structure (b). Identify the halogen atom and the carbon it is attached to. Count the number of carbon atoms directly bonded to this carbon to determine if the alkyl halide is primary (1 carbon), secondary (2 carbons), or tertiary (3 carbons).

Step 3: Assign the IUPAC name. Locate the longest continuous carbon chain that includes the carbon bonded to the halogen. Number the chain to give the halogen the lowest possible number. Use the appropriate prefix for the halogen (e.g., fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-) and combine it with the name of the parent chain.

Step 4: Assign the common name. For common naming, identify the alkyl group attached to the halogen and name it as an alkyl halide (e.g., methyl chloride, ethyl bromide).

Step 5: Verify the classification and names. Double-check the structure to ensure the classification (primary, secondary, tertiary) and names (IUPAC and common) are correct. This ensures accuracy in understanding and naming the compound.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Alkyl Halides

Alkyl halides are organic compounds derived from alkanes that contain one or more halogen atoms (F, Cl, Br, I) attached to a carbon atom. They are classified based on the degree of substitution of the carbon atom bonded to the halogen: primary (1°) if the carbon is attached to one other carbon, secondary (2°) if attached to two, and tertiary (3°) if attached to three. Understanding these classifications is essential for predicting reactivity and mechanisms in organic reactions.

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Classification

The classification of alkyl halides as primary, secondary, or tertiary is based on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon that carries the halogen. A primary alkyl halide has the halogen attached to a carbon that is connected to only one other carbon, a secondary has two, and a tertiary has three. This classification affects the compound's reactivity and the types of reactions it can undergo, such as nucleophilic substitution or elimination.

Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

Nomenclature in organic chemistry refers to the systematic naming of chemical compounds based on established rules, such as those set by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). For alkyl halides, the name typically includes the alkyl group followed by the halogen, with appropriate prefixes to indicate the number of halogen atoms. Mastery of nomenclature is crucial for clear communication and understanding of chemical structures and their properties.