Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

5. Chirality

Fischer Projection

Organic Chemistry

5. Chirality

Fischer Projection

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2:44 minutes

Problem 82c,d

Textbook Question

Are the following pairs identical, enantiomers, diastereomers, or constitutional isomers?
c.
d.

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Analyze the first pair of molecules. Look at the connectivity of atoms and the spatial arrangement of substituents around the chiral centers. Determine if the molecules are mirror images or if they differ in configuration.

Step 2: For the first pair, check if the molecules are non-superimposable mirror images (enantiomers), or if they differ at only one chiral center (diastereomers). If they have the same connectivity but are not stereoisomers, they are identical.

Step 3: Analyze the second pair of molecules. Compare the connectivity of atoms and the spatial arrangement of substituents around the chiral centers. Note any differences in the groups attached to the carbon atoms.

Step 4: For the second pair, determine if the molecules have the same connectivity but differ in the arrangement of substituents. If the connectivity is different, they are constitutional isomers. If they differ at one chiral center, they are diastereomers.

Step 5: Summarize the relationships for both pairs based on the analysis. Clearly state whether the pairs are identical, enantiomers, diastereomers, or constitutional isomers.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Stereoisomers

Stereoisomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula and connectivity of atoms but differ in the spatial arrangement of their atoms. This category includes enantiomers and diastereomers, which are crucial for understanding the relationships between different isomers in organic chemistry.

Enantiomers

Enantiomers are a specific type of stereoisomer that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. They typically arise in molecules with chiral centers, where the arrangement of substituents around the chiral carbon leads to two distinct forms that can exhibit different optical activities.

Diastereomers

Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. They occur when a molecule has two or more chiral centers, leading to multiple stereoisomeric forms. Unlike enantiomers, diastereomers can have different physical properties, making their identification important in organic chemistry.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

a. Are d-erythrose and l-erythrose enantiomers or diastereomers?

b. Are l-erythrose and l-threose enantiomers or diastereomers?

Textbook Question

For each pair, give the relationship between the two compounds. Making models will be helpful.

(e)

(f)

Textbook Question

For each structure,

1. draw all the stereoisomers.

2. label each structure as chiral or achiral.

3. give the relationships between the stereoisomers (enantiomers, diastereomers).

(a)

Textbook Question

Give the stereochemical relationships between each pair of structures. Examples are same compound, structural isomers, enantiomers, and diastereomers. Which pairs could you (theoretically) separate by distillation or recrystallization?

(a)

(b)

Textbook Question

For each pair, give the relationship between the two compounds. Making models will be helpful.

(g)

Multiple Choice

Draw the following aldotetrose in the proper Fischer projection.

Textbook Question

Convert the Fischer projection to a perspective formula.

Textbook Question

Convert the Fischer projection to a perspective formula.

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