Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Hybridization

Organic Chemistry

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Hybridization

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4:57 minutes

Problem 60a,b,c

Textbook Question

What is the hybridization of the indicated atom in each of the following?
a.
b.
c.

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Analyze the structure in part A. The indicated atom is part of a triple bond. In a triple bond, the central atom forms one sigma bond and two pi bonds. This requires sp hybridization, as sp orbitals allow for linear geometry and the formation of two pi bonds.

Step 2: Analyze the structure in part B. The indicated atom is an oxygen atom in a carbonyl group (C=O). The oxygen atom forms one sigma bond with carbon and has two lone pairs. This requires sp² hybridization, as sp² orbitals allow for trigonal planar geometry around the carbonyl group.

Step 3: Analyze the structure in part C. The indicated atom is an oxygen atom in an alcohol group (-OH). The oxygen atom forms one sigma bond with carbon and one sigma bond with hydrogen, and it has two lone pairs. This requires sp³ hybridization, as sp³ orbitals allow for tetrahedral geometry around the oxygen atom.

Step 4: Review the hybridization rules: sp hybridization occurs with linear geometry and two regions of electron density, sp² hybridization occurs with trigonal planar geometry and three regions of electron density, and sp³ hybridization occurs with tetrahedral geometry and four regions of electron density.

Step 5: Confirm the hybridization for each indicated atom based on the bonding and lone pairs present in the molecular structures provided in parts A, B, and C.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Hybridization

Hybridization is the concept in organic chemistry that describes the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals. These hybrid orbitals are used to form covalent bonds in molecules. The type of hybridization (sp, sp2, sp3) depends on the number of sigma bonds and lone pairs around the central atom, influencing the geometry and reactivity of the molecule.

Geometry and Bond Angles

The geometry of a molecule is determined by the arrangement of its atoms and the type of hybridization of the central atom. For example, sp hybridization leads to a linear geometry with bond angles of 180°, sp2 results in a trigonal planar shape with 120° angles, and sp3 gives a tetrahedral configuration with 109.5° angles. Understanding these geometries is crucial for predicting molecular behavior and reactivity.

Functional Groups

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. In the provided structures, the presence of double bonds (alkenes) and functional groups like hydroxyl (-OH) influences the hybridization of the atoms involved. Recognizing these groups helps in determining the hybridization and reactivity of the compounds.

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What is the hybridization of the indicated atom in each of the following? a. b. c.

Key Concepts

Hybridization

Geometry and Bond Angles

Functional Groups

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What is the hybridization of the indicated atom in each of the following?
a.
b.
c.