Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Hybridization

Organic Chemistry

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Hybridization

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Problem 65d

Textbook Question

For each of the following molecules, indicate the hybridization of each carbon and give the approximate values of all the bond angles:
d. CH₂═CH—CH═CH₂

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Identify the structure of the molecule CH₂═CH—CH═CH₂. This molecule consists of four carbon atoms connected in a conjugated system with alternating double and single bonds. The structure is linear for the double-bonded carbons and planar for the entire molecule due to conjugation.

Step 2: Determine the hybridization of each carbon atom. For a carbon atom involved in a double bond (C═C), it is sp² hybridized because it forms three sigma bonds (one sigma bond with the other carbon and two sigma bonds with hydrogens or adjacent carbons) and one unhybridized p orbital forms the π bond.

Step 3: Assign the hybridization to each carbon atom in the molecule. The first and last carbons (CH₂ groups) are sp² hybridized because they are part of a double bond. The middle two carbons (CH groups) are also sp² hybridized for the same reason.

Step 4: Determine the bond angles around each carbon atom. For sp² hybridized carbons, the bond angles are approximately 120° because the electron domains are arranged in a trigonal planar geometry to minimize electron repulsion.

Step 5: Summarize the results. All four carbon atoms in CH₂═CH—CH═CH₂ are sp² hybridized, and the bond angles around each carbon are approximately 120°. The molecule is planar due to the conjugated π system.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Hybridization

Hybridization is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals that can accommodate the bonding requirements of a molecule. In organic chemistry, carbon typically undergoes sp3, sp2, or sp hybridization depending on its bonding. For example, sp2 hybridization involves one s and two p orbitals mixing to form three equivalent sp2 hybrid orbitals, which are arranged in a trigonal planar geometry.

Bond Angles

Bond angles are the angles formed between adjacent bonds in a molecule, which are influenced by the hybridization of the atoms involved. For sp3 hybridized carbons, the bond angle is approximately 109.5 degrees, while for sp2 hybridized carbons, the bond angle is about 120 degrees. Understanding bond angles helps predict the molecular geometry and reactivity of organic compounds.

Alkenes and Their Structure

Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond, which affects their hybridization and geometry. In the given molecule CH2═CH—CH═CH2, the carbon atoms involved in double bonds are sp2 hybridized, leading to a planar structure around those carbons. This structural characteristic influences the bond angles and overall reactivity of the alkene.

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For each of the following molecules, indicate the hybridization of each carbon and give the approximate values of all the bond angles: d. CH2═CH—CH═CH2

Key Concepts

Hybridization

Bond Angles

Alkenes and Their Structure

Watch next

For each of the following molecules, indicate the hybridization of each carbon and give the approximate values of all the bond angles:
d. CH₂═CH—CH═CH₂