Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Hybridization

Organic Chemistry

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Hybridization

Previous problemNext problem

5:08 minutes

Problem 60d,e,f

Textbook Question

What is the hybridization of the indicated atom in each of the following?
d.
e.
f.

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Identify the atom indicated by the arrow in each structure (A, B, and C). In A, the arrow points to the nitrogen atom in the nitrile group. In B, the arrow points to the nitrogen atom in the imine group. In C, the arrow points to the oxygen atom in the ether group.

Step 2: Determine the number of regions of electron density (bonds and lone pairs) around the indicated atom. For A, the nitrogen in the nitrile group is triple-bonded to carbon and has one lone pair. For B, the nitrogen in the imine group is double-bonded to carbon and has one lone pair. For C, the oxygen in the ether group is single-bonded to two carbons and has two lone pairs.

Step 3: Use the number of regions of electron density to determine the hybridization. For A, the nitrogen has two regions of electron density (one triple bond and one lone pair), indicating sp hybridization. For B, the nitrogen has three regions of electron density (one double bond, one single bond, and one lone pair), indicating sp2 hybridization. For C, the oxygen has four regions of electron density (two single bonds and two lone pairs), indicating sp3 hybridization.

Step 4: Recall the geometry associated with each hybridization. sp hybridization corresponds to linear geometry, sp2 hybridization corresponds to trigonal planar geometry, and sp3 hybridization corresponds to tetrahedral geometry.

Step 5: Summarize the hybridization for each indicated atom: A (sp), B (sp2), and C (sp3).

Verified video answer for a similar problem:

This video solution was recommended by our tutors as helpful for the problem above

Video duration:

Play a video:

Was this helpful?

Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Hybridization

Hybridization is the concept in organic chemistry that describes the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals. These hybrid orbitals are used to form covalent bonds in molecules. The type of hybridization (sp, sp2, sp3) depends on the number of sigma bonds and lone pairs around the central atom, influencing the geometry and reactivity of the molecule.

Types of Hybridization

The main types of hybridization include sp, sp2, and sp3. sp hybridization occurs when one s and one p orbital mix, resulting in two linear orbitals, typically seen in alkynes. sp2 hybridization involves one s and two p orbitals, forming three trigonal planar orbitals, common in alkenes. sp3 hybridization combines one s and three p orbitals, creating four tetrahedral orbitals, typical in alkanes.

Determining Hybridization

To determine the hybridization of an atom, count the number of sigma bonds and lone pairs attached to it. For example, if an atom forms four sigma bonds and has no lone pairs, it is sp3 hybridized. If it has three sigma bonds and one lone pair, it is sp3 hybridized as well, while two sigma bonds and two lone pairs indicate sp hybridization. This analysis is crucial for understanding molecular geometry and reactivity.

Watch next

Master How carbon creates 4 partially-filled orbitals. with a bite sized video explanation from Johnny

Start learning

What is the hybridization of the indicated atom in each of the following? d. e. f.

Key Concepts

Hybridization

Types of Hybridization

Determining Hybridization

Watch next

What is the hybridization of the indicated atom in each of the following?
d.
e.
f.