Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

3. Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry

3. Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases

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2:10 minutes

Problem 2a,b

Textbook Question

Consider the following reaction: HBr + ^-C≡N ⇌ Br⁻ + HC≡N
a. What is the acid on the left side of the equation?
b. What is the base on the left side of the equation?

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Analyze the reaction provided. The reaction involves HBr and -C≡N on the left side, and Br− and HC≡N on the right side. This is an acid-base reaction where proton transfer occurs.

Step 2: Recall the definition of an acid. According to the Brønsted-Lowry theory, an acid is a species that donates a proton (H⁺). In this case, HBr is donating a proton to -C≡N, making HBr the acid on the left side of the equation.

Step 3: Recall the definition of a base. A base is a species that accepts a proton (H⁺). In this reaction, -C≡N is accepting a proton from HBr, making -C≡N the base on the left side of the equation.

Step 4: Confirm the products formed. When HBr donates a proton, it forms Br−, and when -C≡N accepts a proton, it forms HC≡N. This confirms the acid-base roles of HBr and -C≡N.

Step 5: Summarize the findings. The acid on the left side of the equation is HBr, and the base on the left side of the equation is -C≡N. These roles are determined by their ability to donate and accept protons, respectively.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Acid-Base Theory

Acid-base theory explains the behavior of acids and bases in chemical reactions. According to the Brønsted-Lowry theory, an acid is a substance that donates a proton (H+), while a base is a substance that accepts a proton. This framework helps in identifying acids and bases in various chemical reactions, including those involving proton transfer.

Proton Transfer

Proton transfer is a fundamental process in acid-base reactions where a proton (H+) is transferred from the acid to the base. In the given reaction, HBr donates a proton to the cyanide ion (C≡N), illustrating how the transfer of protons defines the roles of acids and bases in the reaction. Understanding this concept is crucial for identifying the acid and base in the equation.

Equilibrium in Chemical Reactions

Equilibrium in chemical reactions refers to the state where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, resulting in constant concentrations of reactants and products. The double arrow in the reaction indicates that it can proceed in both directions, allowing for the identification of acids and bases based on their roles in the forward and reverse processes.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

What products are formed when each of the following reacts with HO⁻?

a. CH₃OH

b. ⁺NH₄

Textbook Question

Draw the products of the following reactions. Use curved arrows to show where the pair of electrons starts and where it ends up.

Textbook Question

What products are formed when each of the following reacts with HO⁻?

e. ⁺CH₃

f. FeBr₃

Textbook Question

a. Without using a calculator, estimate the pH of each of the following solutions:

1. [HO⁻] = 3.2 × 10⁻⁵

2. [H₃O⁺] = 8.3 × 10⁻¹

3. [H₃O⁺] = 1.7 × 10⁻³

b. Determine the exact pH, using a calculator.

Textbook Question

Which of the following are not acids?

CH₃COOH, CO₂ , HNO₂ , HCOOH, CCl₄

Textbook Question

Write the equation that shows how a buffer made by dissolving CH₃COOH and CH₃COO⁻Na⁺ in water prevents the pH of a solution from changing appreciably when

a. a small amount of H⁺ is added to the solution.

b. a small amount of HO⁻ is added to the solution.

Textbook Question

Antacids are compounds that neutralize stomach acid. Write the equations that show how Milk of Magnesia, Alka-Seltzer, and Tums remove excess acid.

a. Milk of Magnesia: Mg(OH)₂

b. Alka-Seltzer: KHCO₃ and NaHCO₃

c. Tums: CaCO₃

Textbook Question

Draw the products of the following reactions:

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