Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

3. Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry

3. Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases

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6:02 minutes

Problem 8a

Textbook Question

Antacids are compounds that neutralize stomach acid. Write the equations that show how Milk of Magnesia, Alka-Seltzer, and Tums remove excess acid.
a. Milk of Magnesia: Mg(OH)₂
b. Alka-Seltzer: KHCO₃ and NaHCO₃
c. Tums: CaCO₃

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the problem. The question asks for the chemical equations that show how the active ingredients in Milk of Magnesia, Alka-Seltzer, and Tums neutralize stomach acid (HCl). Neutralization reactions involve an acid (HCl) reacting with a base to form water and a salt (or other products).

Step 2: Write the equation for Milk of Magnesia (Mg(OH)₂). Magnesium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid (HCl) in a 1:2 molar ratio. The reaction is:

Mg (OH) 2 + 2 HCl \to MgCl 2 + 2 H_{2 O}

Step 3: Write the equation for Alka-Seltzer (KHCO₃ and NaHCO₃). Both potassium bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate react with HCl in a 1:1 molar ratio to produce carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and a salt. For KHCO₃:

KHCO 3 + HCl \to KCl + H 2_{O} + CO 2

. For NaHCO₃:

NaHCO 3 + HCl \to NaCl + H 2_{O} + CO 2

Step 4: Write the equation for Tums (CaCO₃). Calcium carbonate reacts with HCl in a 1:2 molar ratio to produce calcium chloride (CaCl₂), water (H₂O), and carbon dioxide (CO₂). The reaction is:

CaCO 3 + 2 HCl \to CaCl 2 + H 2_{O} + CO 2

Step 5: Summarize the reactions. Each antacid neutralizes stomach acid by reacting with HCl to form water, a salt, and sometimes carbon dioxide. These reactions reduce the acidity in the stomach, providing relief from symptoms like heartburn.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Acid-Base Neutralization

Acid-base neutralization is a chemical reaction where an acid reacts with a base to produce water and a salt. In the context of antacids, the base component of the antacid reacts with hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach, effectively reducing acidity. This reaction is crucial for understanding how antacids alleviate symptoms of heartburn and indigestion.

Chemical Equations

Chemical equations represent the reactants and products in a chemical reaction using their chemical formulas. For antacids, writing balanced equations shows how each compound interacts with stomach acid. Understanding how to balance these equations is essential for accurately depicting the stoichiometry of the neutralization reactions.

Common Antacid Compounds

Common antacid compounds include magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Each of these compounds has a specific mechanism for neutralizing stomach acid, and knowing their chemical properties helps in predicting the outcomes of their reactions with HCl. This knowledge is vital for writing the correct chemical equations for each antacid.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

a. Without using a calculator, estimate the pH of each of the following solutions:

1. [HO⁻] = 3.2 × 10⁻⁵

2. [H₃O⁺] = 8.3 × 10⁻¹

3. [H₃O⁺] = 1.7 × 10⁻³

b. Determine the exact pH, using a calculator.

Textbook Question

Consider the following reaction: HBr + ^-C≡N ⇌ Br⁻ + HC≡N

a. What is the acid on the left side of the equation?

b. What is the base on the left side of the equation?

Textbook Question

Which of the following are not acids?

CH₃COOH, CO₂ , HNO₂ , HCOOH, CCl₄

Textbook Question

Write the equation that shows how a buffer made by dissolving CH₃COOH and CH₃COO⁻Na⁺ in water prevents the pH of a solution from changing appreciably when

a. a small amount of H⁺ is added to the solution.

b. a small amount of HO⁻ is added to the solution.

Textbook Question

Draw the products of the following reactions:

Textbook Question

What is the conjugate base of each of the following?

1. NH₃

2. HBr

3. HNO₃

4. H₂O

Textbook Question

Based on the one species that is identified for you, label the remaining molecules as acid, base, conjugate acid, or conjugate base.