Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

5. Chirality

Constitutional Isomers vs. Stereoisomers

Organic Chemistry

5. Chirality

Constitutional Isomers vs. Stereoisomers

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Problem 47h

Textbook Question

Define the relationship between each set of two molecules as chain isomers, positional isomers, functional group isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, conformational isomers, or identical
(h)

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Analyze the molecular structures of the two compounds provided in the image. Observe the arrangement of the carbon chains and substituents to identify any differences in connectivity or functional groups.

Step 2: Determine if the molecules have the same molecular formula. This is essential to confirm that they are isomers. Count the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in each molecule.

Step 3: Examine the connectivity of the atoms in each molecule. If the molecules differ in the arrangement of the carbon skeleton, they are chain isomers. If the functional groups are different, they are functional group isomers.

Step 4: Check the position of substituents or functional groups. If the substituents are located at different positions on the same carbon skeleton, the molecules are positional isomers.

Step 5: If the molecules have identical connectivity but differ in spatial arrangement, determine if they are stereoisomers (enantiomers or diastereomers). If the molecules are identical in every aspect, they are identical compounds.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Isomerism

Isomerism refers to the phenomenon where two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural or spatial arrangements. This can lead to variations in physical and chemical properties, making isomers an essential topic in organic chemistry. Understanding the different types of isomers helps in predicting reactivity and behavior of organic compounds.

Types of Isomers

There are several types of isomers, including chain isomers (differing in the arrangement of the carbon skeleton), positional isomers (differing in the position of a functional group), and functional group isomers (differing in the functional groups present). Additionally, stereoisomers like enantiomers (non-superimposable mirror images) and diastereomers (not mirror images) are crucial for understanding molecular interactions and biological activity.

Conformational Isomers

Conformational isomers, or conformers, are different spatial arrangements of a molecule that result from rotation around single bonds. These isomers can interconvert easily and often have distinct energy levels and stability. Understanding conformational isomers is important for grasping the dynamics of molecular interactions and the influence of sterics on reactivity.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

Give the relationships between the following pairs of structures. The possible relationships are as follows: same compound, cis-trans isomers, constitutional (structural) isomers, and not isomers (different molecular formula).

(c)

(d)

Textbook Question

Define the relationship between each set of two molecules as chain isomers, positional isomers, functional group isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, conformational isomers, or identical

(a)

Textbook Question

Define the relationship between each set of two molecules as chain isomers, positional isomers, functional group isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, conformational isomers, or identical

(e)

Textbook Question

Define the relationship between each set of two molecules as chain isomers, positional isomers, functional group isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, conformational isomers, or identical

(f)

Textbook Question

How many stereoisomers are possible for the following alkenes?

(d)

Textbook Question

How many stereoisomers are possible for each of the following molecules?

(e)

Textbook Question

Define the relationship between each set of two molecules as chain isomers, positional isomers, functional group isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, conformational isomers, or identical.

(c)

Textbook Question

If the carbon atom in CH₂Cl₂ were flat, there would be two stereoisomers. The carbon atom in CH₂Cl₂is actually tetrahedral. Make a model of this compound, and determine whether there are any stereoisomers of CH₂Cl₂.

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Define the relationship between each set of two molecules as chain isomers, positional isomers, functional group isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, conformational isomers, or identical(h)

Key Concepts

Isomerism

Types of Isomers

Conformational Isomers

Watch next

Define the relationship between each set of two molecules as chain isomers, positional isomers, functional group isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, conformational isomers, or identical
(h)