Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

5. Chirality

Constitutional Isomers vs. Stereoisomers

Organic Chemistry

5. Chirality

Constitutional Isomers vs. Stereoisomers

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4:32 minutes

Problem 47e

Textbook Question

Define the relationship between each set of two molecules as chain isomers, positional isomers, functional group isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, conformational isomers, or identical
(e)

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the definitions of the terms provided in the problem. For example: Chain isomers differ in the carbon chain arrangement, positional isomers differ in the position of a functional group, functional group isomers have different functional groups, enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images, diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images, conformational isomers differ by rotation around a single bond, and identical molecules are the same in every aspect.

Step 2: Analyze the molecular structures of the two given molecules. Look for differences in the carbon chain, functional groups, or stereochemistry. If the structures are not provided, ensure you have them drawn or described clearly.

Step 3: Compare the carbon chain arrangement. If the molecules differ in the branching or length of the carbon chain, they are chain isomers.

Step 4: Examine the position of functional groups. If the functional group is located at different positions on the carbon chain, the molecules are positional isomers. If the functional groups themselves are different, they are functional group isomers.

Step 5: Evaluate stereochemistry. If the molecules are mirror images but not superimposable, they are enantiomers. If they are stereoisomers but not mirror images, they are diastereomers. If the difference is due to rotation around a single bond, they are conformational isomers. If none of these differences exist, the molecules are identical.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Isomerism

Isomerism refers to the phenomenon where two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural or spatial arrangements. This leads to distinct physical and chemical properties among the isomers. Understanding isomerism is crucial for analyzing the relationships between different molecules, as it encompasses various types such as chain, positional, functional group, and stereoisomers.

Stereoisomers

Stereoisomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula and connectivity of atoms but differ in the spatial arrangement of their atoms. This category includes enantiomers, which are non-superimposable mirror images, and diastereomers, which are not mirror images of each other. Recognizing stereoisomerism is essential for understanding the three-dimensional aspects of molecular interactions and reactivity.

Structural Isomers

Structural isomers are compounds that share the same molecular formula but differ in the connectivity of their atoms. This includes chain isomers, which differ in the arrangement of the carbon skeleton, and positional isomers, which have the same functional groups in different positions. Grasping structural isomerism is vital for distinguishing between compounds that may have similar properties but behave differently in chemical reactions.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

Give the relationship between the following pairs of structures. The possible relationships are:

same compound

constitutional isomers (structural isomers)

cis-trans isomers

not isomers (different molecular formula)

(a)

(b)

(c)

Textbook Question

Give the relationship between the following pairs of structures. The possible relationships are:

same compound

constitutional isomers (structural isomers)

cis-trans isomers

not isomers (different molecular formula)

(j)

(k)

Textbook Question

Give the relationships between the following pairs of structures. The possible relationships are as follows: same compound, cis-trans isomers, constitutional (structural) isomers, and not isomers (different molecular formula).

(c)

(d)

Textbook Question

Define the relationship between each set of two molecules as chain isomers, positional isomers, functional group isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, conformational isomers, or identical

(a)

Textbook Question

Define the relationship between each set of two molecules as chain isomers, positional isomers, functional group isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, conformational isomers, or identical

(f)

Textbook Question

Define the relationship between each set of two molecules as chain isomers, positional isomers, functional group isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, conformational isomers, or identical

(h)

Textbook Question

How many stereoisomers are possible for the following alkenes?

(d)

Textbook Question

How many stereoisomers are possible for each of the following molecules?

(e)

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