Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

3. Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry

3. Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases

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2:12 minutes

Problem 15c

Textbook Question

Based on the one species that is identified for you, label the remaining molecules as acid, base, conjugate acid, or conjugate base.
(c)

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Identify the species labeled as 'Conjugate Acid' in the image. The molecule with the carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydrogen attached to the alpha carbon is labeled as the conjugate acid.

Step 2: Analyze the reactants. The molecule with the negatively charged nitrogen (NH⁻) is a base because it can accept a proton.

Step 3: Examine the products. The molecule with the negatively charged oxygen (O⁻) is the conjugate base, as it results from the conjugate acid losing a proton.

Step 4: Identify the second product. The molecule with the neutral amine group (H₂N) is the conjugate acid of the base, as it results from the base gaining a proton.

Step 5: Summarize the labels: The reactants are 'Conjugate Acid' and 'Base,' while the products are 'Conjugate Base' and 'Conjugate Acid.' This follows the Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Acids and Bases

In organic chemistry, acids are substances that can donate a proton (H+) to another substance, while bases are substances that can accept a proton. This concept is fundamental to understanding acid-base reactions, where the transfer of protons leads to the formation of conjugate acids and bases.

Conjugate Acid and Conjugate Base

A conjugate acid is formed when a base accepts a proton, while a conjugate base is formed when an acid donates a proton. This relationship is crucial in acid-base chemistry, as it helps to identify the species involved in a reaction and predict the direction of equilibrium.

Equilibrium in Acid-Base Reactions

Acid-base reactions often reach a state of equilibrium, where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. Understanding this concept allows chemists to predict the favored direction of a reaction based on the strengths of the acids and bases involved, which is essential for labeling the species correctly in the given reaction.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

Write the equation that shows how a buffer made by dissolving CH₃COOH and CH₃COO⁻Na⁺ in water prevents the pH of a solution from changing appreciably when

a. a small amount of H⁺ is added to the solution.

b. a small amount of HO⁻ is added to the solution.