Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics

Gibbs Free Energy

Organic Chemistry

6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics

Gibbs Free Energy

Previous problemNext problem

Problem 29c

Textbook Question

For the following acid–base reactions studied in Assessment 5.25, draw a likely transition state. Be sure to indicate in your drawing the degree to which bonds are broken or formed.
(c) H₃O⁺ + Br^– ⇌ H₂O + HBr

Verified step by step guidance

Identify the reactants and products in the given acid-base reaction: H₃O⁺ (hydronium ion) and Br⁻ (bromide ion) are the reactants, while H₂O (water) and HBr (hydrobromic acid) are the products.

Recognize the type of reaction: This is a proton transfer reaction, where the hydronium ion (H₃O⁺) donates a proton (H⁺) to the bromide ion (Br⁻), forming water (H₂O) and hydrobromic acid (HBr).

Understand the transition state: The transition state represents the point in the reaction where bonds are partially broken and formed. In this case, the O-H bond in H₃O⁺ is partially broken, and the H-Br bond is partially formed.

Draw the transition state: Represent the hydronium ion (H₃O⁺) with one of its O-H bonds partially breaking (indicated by a dashed line) and the bromide ion (Br⁻) with a partially forming H-Br bond (also indicated by a dashed line). Use δ⁺ and δ⁻ to show partial charges on the atoms involved in the bond formation and breaking.

Label the transition state: Clearly indicate the transition state with brackets and a double dagger (‡) symbol. Ensure that the drawing reflects the partial bond formation and breaking, as well as the flow of electrons using curved arrows to show the movement of the proton (H⁺) from H₃O⁺ to Br⁻.

Verified video answer for a similar problem:

This video solution was recommended by our tutors as helpful for the problem above

Play a video:

Was this helpful?

Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Acid-Base Reactions

Acid-base reactions involve the transfer of protons (H+) between reactants. In this context, H3O+ acts as the acid, donating a proton, while Br- serves as the base, accepting the proton. Understanding the roles of acids and bases is crucial for predicting the direction of the reaction and the formation of products.

Transition States

A transition state represents a high-energy, unstable arrangement of atoms that occurs during the transformation from reactants to products. It is characterized by partially formed and broken bonds. Drawing a transition state helps visualize the molecular changes and energy barriers involved in the reaction process.

Bond Formation and Breaking

In chemical reactions, bonds between atoms are either formed or broken as reactants convert to products. In the given reaction, H3O+ donates a proton to Br-, leading to the formation of HBr and the breaking of the O-H bond in H3O+. Understanding these changes is essential for accurately depicting the transition state.

Watch next

Master Breaking down the different terms of the Gibbs Free Energy equation. with a bite sized video explanation from Johnny

Start learning

Related Videos

Related Practice

Textbook Question

For the following equilibrium processes and the corresponding ∆G°, calculate (i) K_eq and (ii) the % composition of the equilibrium mixture (% reactants, % products) at 298 K.

(b)

Textbook Question

For each pair of reactions, predict which will happen more quickly.

[For (a) and (b), think about the stability of the bases involved.]

(a)

Textbook Question

For the following equilibrium processes and the corresponding ∆G° , indicate whether you expect the equilibrium constant to be greater than, equal to, or less than 1. Justify your expectation in words.

(b)

Textbook Question

For the following acid–base reactions studied in Assessment 5.25, draw a likely transition state. Be sure to indicate in your drawing the degree to which bonds are broken or formed.

(a)

Textbook Question

For the following acid–base reactions studied in Assessment 5.25, draw a likely transition state. Be sure to indicate in your drawing the degree to which bonds are broken or formed.

(b)

Textbook Question

Calculate ∆G° for the conversion of “axial” methylcyclohexane to “equatorial” methylcyclohexane at 25 °C.

Textbook Question

Calculate the percentage of isopropylcyclohexane molecules that have the isopropyl substituent in an equatorial position at equilibrium. (Its ∆G° value at 25 °C is -2.1 kcal/mol.)

Textbook Question

The relative rate of reaction for the cis alkene (E) is given in Table 22.2. What do you expect the relative rate of reaction for the trans alkene to be?

Show more practices

Download the Mobile app

Privacy

Do not sell my personal information

Accessibility

Patent notice

Sitemap

For the following acid–base reactions studied in Assessment 5.25, draw a likely transition state. Be sure to indicate in your drawing the degree to which bonds are broken or formed.(c) H3O+ + Br– ⇌ H2O + HBr

Key Concepts

Acid-Base Reactions

Transition States

Bond Formation and Breaking

Watch next

For the following acid–base reactions studied in Assessment 5.25, draw a likely transition state. Be sure to indicate in your drawing the degree to which bonds are broken or formed.
(c) H₃O⁺ + Br^– ⇌ H₂O + HBr