Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

10. Addition Reactions

Epoxidation

Organic Chemistry

10. Addition Reactions

Epoxidation

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2:55 minutes

Problem 7

Textbook Question

Calculate the atom economy for the reactions shown. In each, what happens to the percentage of material that is not incorporated into the major product?

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Identify the major product of the reaction.

Step 2: Determine the molecular weight of the major product using the molecular formula.

Step 3: Calculate the total molecular weight of all reactants used in the reaction.

Step 4: Use the formula for atom economy: \( \text{Atom Economy} = \left( \frac{\text{Molecular Weight of Major Product}}{\text{Total Molecular Weight of Reactants}} \right) \times 100 \% \).

Step 5: Analyze the percentage of material not incorporated into the major product by subtracting the atom economy from 100%.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Atom Economy

Atom economy is a measure of the efficiency of a chemical reaction in terms of how well the reactants are converted into useful products. It is calculated by dividing the molar mass of the desired product by the total molar mass of all reactants, then multiplying by 100 to get a percentage. A higher atom economy indicates that a greater proportion of the reactants are incorporated into the final product, which is desirable for sustainable chemistry.

By-products

By-products are substances that are produced in a chemical reaction alongside the desired product but are not the main focus of the reaction. Understanding by-products is crucial for calculating atom economy, as they represent the material that does not contribute to the desired outcome. Analyzing the formation of by-products helps in assessing the efficiency and environmental impact of a reaction.

Reaction Mechanism

A reaction mechanism describes the step-by-step sequence of elementary reactions that occur during a chemical transformation. It provides insight into how reactants are converted into products, including the formation of intermediates and by-products. Understanding the mechanism is essential for predicting the atom economy, as it reveals which reactants are ultimately incorporated into the major product and which are lost as by-products.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

Predict the product(s) of each of the following reactions, making sure to indicate the relative stereochemical outcome. Indicate any racemic mixtures by drawing both enantiomers.

(c)

Multiple Choice

Predict the major organic product of the following reaction.

Textbook Question

Draw the product or products that will be obtained from the reaction of cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene with each of the following reagents. If a product can exist as stereoisomers, show which stereoisomers are formed.

3. a peroxyacid

Textbook Question

What is the major product of the reaction of 2-methyl-2-butene with each of the following reagents?

f. MCPBA (a peroxyacid)

Textbook Question

Predict the major products of the following reactions.

a. cis-hex-2-ene + mCPBA in chloroform

Textbook Question

Predict the products, including stereochemistry where appropriate, for the m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid epoxidations of the following alkenes.

c. cis-cyclodecene

d. trans-cyclodecene

Textbook Question