Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

3. Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry Reactions

Organic Chemistry

3. Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry Reactions

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Multiple Choice

In the context of organic chemistry reactions, how are restriction enzymes utilized in genetic engineering?

Restriction enzymes are used to synthesize new DNA strands from nucleotides.

Restriction enzymes are used to convert RNA into DNA.

Restriction enzymes are used to replicate DNA during cell division.

Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing for the insertion of new genetic material.

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Verified step by step guidance

Restriction enzymes, also known as restriction endonucleases, are proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences known as recognition sites. These sites are typically palindromic sequences, meaning they read the same forwards and backwards.

The cutting action of restriction enzymes results in DNA fragments with 'sticky ends' or 'blunt ends'. Sticky ends have overhanging single-stranded DNA, which can easily pair with complementary sequences, facilitating the insertion of new genetic material.

In genetic engineering, these enzymes are used to cut open plasmids or other vectors at specific sites. This allows scientists to insert new genes or DNA sequences into the vector, which can then be introduced into host cells.

Once the new DNA is inserted, DNA ligase is often used to seal the nicks in the sugar-phosphate backbone, creating a stable recombinant DNA molecule.

This process is fundamental in cloning, gene therapy, and the development of genetically modified organisms, as it allows for precise manipulation of genetic material.