Multiple Choice
Carbon is eventually returned to the atmosphere through which of the following processes?
3. Acids and Bases
Organic Chemistry Reactions
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In the context of organic chemistry reactions, how are restriction enzymes utilized in genetic engineering?
A
Restriction enzymes are used to synthesize new DNA strands from nucleotides.
B
Restriction enzymes are used to convert RNA into DNA.
C
Restriction enzymes are used to replicate DNA during cell division.
D
Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing for the insertion of new genetic material.
Verified step by step guidance1
Restriction enzymes, also known as restriction endonucleases, are proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences known as recognition sites. These sites are typically palindromic sequences, meaning they read the same forwards and backwards.
The cutting action of restriction enzymes results in DNA fragments with 'sticky ends' or 'blunt ends'. Sticky ends have overhanging single-stranded DNA, which can easily pair with complementary sequences, facilitating the insertion of new genetic material.
In genetic engineering, these enzymes are used to cut open plasmids or other vectors at specific sites. This allows scientists to insert new genes or DNA sequences into the vector, which can then be introduced into host cells.
Once the new DNA is inserted, DNA ligase is often used to seal the nicks in the sugar-phosphate backbone, creating a stable recombinant DNA molecule.
This process is fundamental in cloning, gene therapy, and the development of genetically modified organisms, as it allows for precise manipulation of genetic material.
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