Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Skeletal Structure

Organic Chemistry

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Skeletal Structure

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Problem 10b

Textbook Question

For each of the following line-angle drawings,
(i) give the number of carbons,
(ii) label the carbons,
(iii) tell how many hydrogens are on each carbon, and
(iv) draw the hybrid structural formula.
(b)

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Count the number of carbons in the line-angle drawing. Each vertex and endpoint represents a carbon atom. Carefully trace the structure to ensure all carbons are accounted for.

Step 2: Label each carbon atom sequentially, starting from one end of the structure. Assign numbers to each carbon to make it easier to reference them in subsequent steps.

Step 3: Determine the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon. Recall that carbon forms four bonds total, so subtract the number of bonds to other atoms (including other carbons) from four to find the number of hydrogens.

Step 4: Draw the hybrid structural formula. Replace the line-angle drawing with a detailed structure showing all carbons, hydrogens, and bonds explicitly. Ensure the connectivity matches the original line-angle drawing.

Step 5: Double-check your work to ensure the number of carbons, hydrogens, and the hybrid structural formula are consistent with the original line-angle drawing.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Line-Angle Drawings

Line-angle drawings, also known as skeletal structures, are a simplified way to represent organic molecules. In these drawings, vertices represent carbon atoms, and lines represent bonds between them. Hydrogen atoms attached to carbons are usually omitted for clarity, as they are implied by the tetravalency of carbon. Understanding how to interpret these drawings is essential for identifying the number of carbons and their connectivity.

Hybridization

Hybridization is the concept that describes the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals, which can explain the geometry of molecular bonding. In organic chemistry, common hybridizations include sp3, sp2, and sp, corresponding to different types of carbon bonding (single, double, and triple bonds, respectively). Recognizing the hybridization of each carbon atom helps in determining the number of hydrogen atoms attached to it and the overall structure of the molecule.

Valency and Hydrogen Count

Valency refers to the ability of an atom to bond with other atoms, which is particularly important for carbon, as it typically forms four bonds. The number of hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon atom can be deduced from its valency and the types of bonds it forms with other atoms. For example, a carbon with four single bonds (sp3 hybridized) will have three hydrogen atoms, while a carbon involved in a double bond (sp2 hybridized) will have two hydrogens. Understanding valency is crucial for accurately labeling carbons and determining their hydrogen counts.