Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Skeletal Structure

Organic Chemistry

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Skeletal Structure

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4:18 minutes

Problem 23

Textbook Question

Convert the models in Problem 20 to skeletal structures.
a. <IMAGE>
b. <IMAGE>
c. <IMAGE>
d. <IMAGE>

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Analyze the first model (image a). Identify the atoms and bonds. The structure contains two carbon atoms bonded together, with one carbon attached to three hydrogens and the other bonded to two hydrogens and a chlorine atom. Convert this to a skeletal structure by representing the carbon-carbon bond as a line and omitting hydrogen atoms bonded to carbons.

Step 2: Examine the second model (image b). This structure includes a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to a carbon atom, which is bonded to another carbon atom. The second carbon is bonded to three hydrogens. Convert this to a skeletal structure by representing the carbon-carbon bonds as lines and showing the carbonyl group explicitly.

Step 3: Analyze the third model (image c). This structure contains a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to a carbon atom, which is bonded to a nitrogen atom. The nitrogen atom is bonded to another carbon atom, which is connected to two methyl groups. Convert this to a skeletal structure by representing the carbon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen bonds as lines, showing the carbonyl group explicitly, and representing the methyl groups as branches.

Step 4: Examine the fourth model (image d). This structure contains a triple bond between a carbon and a nitrogen atom. The carbon is bonded to another carbon atom, which is bonded to three hydrogens. Convert this to a skeletal structure by representing the carbon-carbon bond as a line and the carbon-nitrogen triple bond explicitly.

Step 5: Ensure all skeletal structures are drawn correctly by verifying the number of bonds around each atom matches its valency (e.g., carbon forms four bonds, nitrogen forms three bonds, etc.). Double-check that hydrogens are omitted in the skeletal structure unless attached to heteroatoms like oxygen or nitrogen.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Skeletal Structures

Skeletal structures are simplified representations of organic molecules that depict only the carbon backbone and functional groups. In these diagrams, carbon atoms are represented by vertices or ends of lines, while hydrogen atoms attached to carbons are usually omitted for clarity. This method allows chemists to quickly visualize the molecular framework and identify functional groups without the clutter of hydrogen atoms.

Functional Groups

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. They determine the properties and reactivity of organic compounds. Common functional groups include hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), and amine (-NH2), and recognizing them is crucial for understanding the behavior of organic molecules in chemical reactions.

Bonding and Hybridization

Bonding and hybridization are fundamental concepts in organic chemistry that describe how atoms connect to form molecules. Hybridization involves the mixing of atomic orbitals to create new hybrid orbitals, which can form sigma bonds with other atoms. Understanding the types of bonds (single, double, triple) and the geometry of hybridized orbitals is essential for predicting molecular shapes and reactivity.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

Given the line-angle drawings shown, answer the following questions:

(i) How many carbons are in each molecule?

(ii) How many hydrogens are at the circled carbon?

(iii) Is the indicated (→) carbon or 1° , 2°, 3°, or 4°?

(c)

Textbook Question

Given the line-angle drawings shown, answer the following questions:

(i) How many carbons are in each molecule?

(ii) How many hydrogens are at the circled carbon?

(iii) Is the indicated (→) carbon or 1° , 2°, 3°, or 4°?

(e)

Textbook Question

For each of the following line-angle drawings,

(i) give the number of carbons,

(ii) label the carbons,

(iii) tell how many hydrogens are on each carbon, and

(iv) draw the hybrid structural formula.

(b)

Textbook Question

Draw the structure of a hydrocarbon that has six carbon atoms and

a. three vinylic hydrogens and two allylic hydrogens.

b. three vinylic hydrogens and one allylic hydrogen.

c. three vinylic hydrogens and no allylic hydrogens.

Textbook Question

Convert the perspective formula to a skeletal structure.

Textbook Question

Give the molecular formula of each compound shown

(d)

(e)

(f)

Textbook Question

Give the molecular formula of each compound shown

(g)

(h)

Textbook Question

For each of the following molecules, draw one 3-D representation at only the necessary atoms (that is, the ones with four different atoms/groups attached).

(c)

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Convert the models in Problem 20 to skeletal structures.a. <IMAGE>b. <IMAGE>c. <IMAGE>d. <IMAGE>

Key Concepts

Skeletal Structures

Functional Groups

Bonding and Hybridization

Watch next

Convert the models in Problem 20 to skeletal structures.
a. <IMAGE>
b. <IMAGE>
c. <IMAGE>
d. <IMAGE>