Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Skeletal Structure

Organic Chemistry

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Skeletal Structure

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3:58 minutes

Problem 38d,e,f

Textbook Question

Give the molecular formula of each compound shown
(d)
(e)
(f)

Verified step by step guidance

Identify the functional groups and carbon skeleton in each compound. For compound (d), recognize the amine group (H₂N) and carboxylic acid group (COOH) attached to a four-carbon chain.

For compound (d), count the number of each type of atom: 4 carbons (C), 9 hydrogens (H), 1 nitrogen (N), and 2 oxygens (O).

In compound (e), identify the pyrrolidinone ring with a nitrogen atom and an oxygen atom, and a tert-butyl group attached to the ring.

For compound (e), count the atoms: 8 carbons (C), 11 hydrogens (H), 1 nitrogen (N), and 1 oxygen (O).

For compound (f), identify the aldehyde group (CHO) attached to a three-carbon chain. Count the atoms: 4 carbons (C), 8 hydrogens (H), and 1 oxygen (O).

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Skeletal Structure Representation

Skeletal structures are a simplified way of drawing organic molecules where carbon atoms are represented by the ends and intersections of lines, and hydrogen atoms attached to carbons are usually omitted. This representation helps in quickly visualizing the molecular framework and functional groups present in the compound.

Functional Groups

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that have characteristic properties and reactivity. In the given image, the amino group (NH2) and the carboxylic acid group (COOH) are functional groups that define the chemical behavior of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), influencing its role as a neurotransmitter.

Molecular Formula Determination

The molecular formula of a compound provides the exact number of each type of atom present in a molecule. To determine it from a skeletal structure, count the carbon atoms at the vertices and ends of lines, add the appropriate number of hydrogen atoms to satisfy carbon's tetravalency, and include any other atoms explicitly shown, such as nitrogen and oxygen in GABA.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

For each of the following line-angle drawings,

(i) give the number of carbons,

(ii) label the carbons,

(iii) tell how many hydrogens are on each carbon, and

(iv) draw the hybrid structural formula.

(b)

Textbook Question

Draw the structure of a hydrocarbon that has six carbon atoms and

a. three vinylic hydrogens and two allylic hydrogens.

b. three vinylic hydrogens and one allylic hydrogen.

c. three vinylic hydrogens and no allylic hydrogens.

Textbook Question

Convert the models in Problem 20 to skeletal structures.

a. <IMAGE>

b. <IMAGE>

c. <IMAGE>

d. <IMAGE>

Textbook Question

Convert the perspective formula to a skeletal structure.

Textbook Question

Give the molecular formula of each compound shown

(g)

(h)

Textbook Question

For each of the following molecules, draw one 3-D representation at only the necessary atoms (that is, the ones with four different atoms/groups attached).

(c)

Textbook Question

Give Lewis structures corresponding to the following line–angle structures. Give the molecular formula for each structure.

(c)

(d)

Multiple Choice

How many implied hydrogens does each labeled carbon have?

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