Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

28. Carbohydrates

Polysaccharide

Organic Chemistry

28. Carbohydrates

Polysaccharide

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3:40 minutes

Problem 33a

Textbook Question

Refer to Figure 20.5 to answer the following questions: a. People with type O blood can donate blood to anyone, but they cannot receive blood from everyone. From whom can they not receive blood?

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the context: Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens (A and B) on the surface of red blood cells. Type O blood lacks both A and B antigens, but it has antibodies against both A and B antigens in the plasma.

Recall the compatibility rule: A person with type O blood can only receive blood that does not have A or B antigens, as their antibodies would attack any red blood cells with these antigens.

Identify incompatible blood types: Blood types A, B, and AB all have either A or B antigens (or both). Therefore, a person with type O blood cannot receive blood from individuals with these blood types.

Summarize the answer: People with type O blood can only receive blood from other type O individuals because type O blood lacks A and B antigens, making it compatible with their antibodies.

Relate to Figure 20.5: Use the figure to confirm the antigen-antibody relationships and verify the compatibility rules for blood transfusions.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Blood Type Antigens

Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Type O blood lacks A and B antigens, making it a universal donor. However, this absence means that individuals with type O blood can only receive blood from other type O donors, as they would produce antibodies against A and B antigens found in other blood types.

Blood Type Antibodies

In addition to antigens, blood types are also characterized by the presence of antibodies in the plasma. Type O individuals have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, which can react against A and B antigens present in other blood types. This reaction can lead to serious transfusion reactions if type O individuals receive blood from types A, B, or AB.

Transfusion Compatibility

Transfusion compatibility is crucial for safe blood transfusions, as it ensures that the donor's blood does not trigger an immune response in the recipient. For type O blood, compatibility is limited to other type O blood due to the presence of anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Understanding this compatibility is essential for preventing adverse reactions during blood transfusions.

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