Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

2. Molecular Representations

Functional Groups

Organic Chemistry

2. Molecular Representations

Functional Groups

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3:09 minutes

Problem 75c

Textbook Question

Identify the functional groups in each of the following molecules. [The number of functional groups has been given to assist you.]
(c) [Three]

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Begin by analyzing the molecular structure provided. Look for characteristic features such as double bonds, hydroxyl groups (-OH), carbonyl groups (C=O), amines (-NH2), or other common functional groups.

Step 2: Identify the first functional group by locating regions in the molecule that match known patterns. For example, a hydroxyl group (-OH) is typically attached to a carbon atom, while a carbonyl group (C=O) is part of aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids.

Step 3: Continue scanning the molecule systematically to identify the second functional group. Pay attention to any heteroatoms (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur) or specific bonding arrangements that indicate functional groups such as ethers (R-O-R) or esters (R-COO-R).

Step 4: Locate the third functional group by examining the remaining parts of the molecule. Consider less common functional groups such as halides (R-X), nitriles (-C≡N), or aromatic rings, depending on the structure provided.

Step 5: Confirm the presence of all three functional groups by cross-referencing their locations and ensuring they match the expected chemical properties and bonding patterns. This step ensures accuracy in identifying the functional groups.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Functional Groups

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. They determine the properties and reactivity of organic compounds. Common functional groups include hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), and amino (-NH2), each imparting distinct behaviors to the molecules they are part of.

Molecular Structure

Molecular structure refers to the arrangement of atoms within a molecule, including the types of bonds (single, double, or triple) and the spatial orientation of the atoms. Understanding molecular structure is crucial for identifying functional groups, as the presence and connectivity of atoms dictate the functional characteristics of the compound.

Nomenclature

Nomenclature in organic chemistry is the system of naming organic compounds based on their structure and functional groups. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) provides rules for naming, which helps in identifying functional groups and understanding the relationships between different compounds. Familiarity with nomenclature is essential for accurately identifying and communicating about functional groups in various molecules.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

Identify the functional groups in each of the following molecules. [The number of functional groups has been given to assist you.]

(b) [Two]

Textbook Question

Identify the functional groups in each of the following molecules. [The number of functional groups has been given to assist you.]

(a) [Three]

Textbook Question

When we begin studying reactive intermediates, the designation of substitution will be especially important. Label the following carbocations as 1° , 2°, 3°, or 4° or based on the carbon bearing the positive charge.

(c)

Textbook Question

Given the line-angle drawings shown, answer the following questions:

(i) How many carbons are in each molecule?

(ii) How many hydrogens are at the circled carbon?

(iii) Is the indicated (→) carbon or 1° , 2°, 3°, or 4°?

(h)

Textbook Question

(b)

Textbook Question

Classify each hydrogen atom in the following compounds as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°).

c. 2-methylbutane