Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Electronegativity

Organic Chemistry

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Electronegativity

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5:33 minutes

Problem 29

Textbook Question

For each compound, state whether its bonding is covalent, ionic, or a mixture of covalent and ionic.
a. NaCl
b. NaOH
c. CH₃Li
d. CH₂Cl₂
e. NaOCH₃
f. HCO₂Na
g. CF₄

Verified step by step guidance

Identify the types of elements involved in each compound. Generally, compounds formed between metals and nonmetals are ionic, while those formed between nonmetals are covalent.

For NaCl, recognize that it consists of a metal (Na) and a nonmetal (Cl), indicating ionic bonding.

For NaOH, note that it contains a metal (Na) and a polyatomic ion (OH). The bond between Na and OH is ionic, while the bond within OH is covalent.

For CH3Li, observe that it contains a metal (Li) and a nonmetal (C). This suggests a mixture of covalent (C-H bonds) and ionic (C-Li bond) bonding.

For CH2Cl2, recognize that it consists entirely of nonmetals (C, H, Cl), indicating covalent bonding.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Covalent Bonding

Covalent bonding occurs when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons, typically between nonmetals. This type of bond is characterized by the mutual sharing of electrons to achieve a full outer shell, resulting in the formation of molecules. Examples include the bonds in CH2Cl2 and CF4, where carbon shares electrons with hydrogen, chlorine, or fluorine.

Ionic Bonding

Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, leading to the formation of charged ions. This bond typically occurs between metals and nonmetals, where the metal loses electrons to become a cation, and the nonmetal gains electrons to become an anion. NaCl is a classic example, where sodium donates an electron to chlorine.

Mixed Bonding (Covalent and Ionic)

Some compounds exhibit both covalent and ionic characteristics, often involving polyatomic ions. In such cases, covalent bonds exist within the polyatomic ion, while ionic bonds form between the ion and other atoms. For instance, in NaOH, the OH group is covalently bonded, while the bond between Na and OH is ionic.