Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics

Energy Diagram

Organic Chemistry

6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics

Energy Diagram

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2:27 minutes

Problem 72a

Textbook Question

Parts (a)–(f) of this assessment refer to the rotation around the single bond of ethane.

(a) Given that the rate of the reaction is independent of concentration, fill in the missing rates in the following table.

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the concept of rotation around a single bond in ethane. Ethane (C₂H₆) has a single bond between the two carbon atoms, and the rotation around this bond leads to different conformations (e.g., staggered and eclipsed). The energy barrier for this rotation is due to torsional strain.

Step 2: Recognize that the rate of reaction being independent of concentration indicates a zero-order reaction. In zero-order reactions, the rate is constant and does not depend on the concentration of reactants.

Step 3: Analyze the given table and identify the missing rates. Since the rate is constant in a zero-order reaction, all rates in the table should be the same regardless of the concentration values.

Step 4: Use the concept of zero-order kinetics to fill in the missing rates. The rate can be expressed mathematically as:

Rate = k

, where

k

is the rate constant.

Step 5: Ensure consistency in the table by verifying that all rates match the constant rate value provided or calculated based on the zero-order reaction principle.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Ethane Structure and Conformation

Ethane (C2H6) consists of two carbon atoms connected by a single bond, allowing for rotation around this bond. This rotation leads to different conformations, such as staggered and eclipsed forms, which influence the molecule's stability and energy. Understanding these conformations is essential for analyzing reaction rates and mechanisms involving ethane.

Reaction Rate and Concentration Independence

In chemical kinetics, the reaction rate is often dependent on the concentration of reactants. However, if a reaction's rate is independent of concentration, it suggests that the reaction may be zero-order with respect to the reactants involved. This concept is crucial for filling in missing rates in the provided table, as it indicates that changes in concentration do not affect the rate of the reaction.

Kinetic Theory and Activation Energy

Kinetic theory explains how the energy of molecules affects reaction rates. Activation energy is the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur. In the context of ethane's rotation, understanding how energy barriers influence the rate of conformational changes is vital, especially when considering that the reaction rate remains constant despite concentration changes.

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Textbook Question

How will the rate of the reaction between bromomethane and hydroxide ion be affected if the following changes in concentration are made?

b. The concentration of the alkyl halide is cut in half and the concentration of the nucleophile is not changed.

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Given the following rate data, how many molecules are in the rate-determining step of this reaction?

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Given that step 1 of the following reaction is rate determining, write the rate law for the overall reaction.

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Within the following pairs, pick which reaction you would expect to be faster based on having a higher value of the frequency factor (A).

(a)

Textbook Question

How will the rate of the reaction between bromomethane and hydroxide ion be affected if the following changes in concentration are made?

a. The concentration of the alkyl halide is not changed and the concentration of the nucleophile is tripled.

Textbook Question

For rotation around a bond, the rate constant is equal to the reaction rate. Why?

Textbook Question

The rate constant for the uncatalyzed reaction of two molecules of glycine ethyl ester to form glycylglycine ethyl ester is 0.6 M^-1 s^-1. In the presence of Co²⁺, the rate constant is 1.5 × 10⁶ M^-1 s^-1. What rate enhancement does the catalyst provide?

Textbook Question

The rate constant for a reaction can be increased by ______ the stability of the reactant or by ______ the stability of the transition state.

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Parts (a)–(f) of this assessment refer to the rotation around the single bond of ethane.(a) Given that the rate of the reaction is independent of concentration, fill in the missing rates in the following table.

Key Concepts

Ethane Structure and Conformation

Reaction Rate and Concentration Independence

Kinetic Theory and Activation Energy

Watch next

Parts (a)–(f) of this assessment refer to the rotation around the single bond of ethane.

(a) Given that the rate of the reaction is independent of concentration, fill in the missing rates in the following table.