Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds

Preparation of Organometallics

Organic Chemistry

13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds

Preparation of Organometallics

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Multiple Choice

Why are two equivalents of elemental lithium needed to create an organolithium reagent, while only one equivalent of elemental magnesium is needed to create a Grignard reagent?

Lithium has a smaller atomic radius, while magnesium has a larger atomic radius.

Lithium metal is less dense, while magnesium metal is denser.

Lithium is a less electronegative element, while magnesium is a more electronegative element.

Lithium is a Group 1 metal, forming monovalent Li⁺, while magnesium is a Group 2 metal, forming divalent Mg²⁺.

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the nature of the metals involved: Lithium is a Group 1 metal, while magnesium is a Group 2 metal. This means lithium forms monovalent ions (Li+), and magnesium forms divalent ions (Mg2+).

Recognize the stoichiometry of the reactions: To form an organolithium reagent, two equivalents of lithium are needed because each lithium atom can donate one electron, resulting in the formation of two Li+ ions.

Consider the formation of Grignard reagents: Only one equivalent of magnesium is needed because magnesium can donate two electrons, forming one Mg2+ ion, which can bond with the organic halide.

Relate the atomic structure to the chemical behavior: The difference in the number of electrons donated by lithium and magnesium is due to their position in the periodic table and their respective valencies.

Conclude with the implications for reagent formation: The requirement for two equivalents of lithium versus one equivalent of magnesium is directly related to their ability to form ions with different charges, impacting the stoichiometry of the reactions.