Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Bonding Preferences

Organic Chemistry

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Bonding Preferences

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3:33 minutes

Problem 45b

Textbook Question

Modify the following line-angle drawings to show all lone pairs.
(b)

Verified step by step guidance

Identify all heteroatoms (atoms other than carbon and hydrogen) in the structure. In this case, the heteroatoms are oxygen atoms.

Recall that oxygen typically has two lone pairs when it is neutral. If the oxygen is negatively charged (as in the case of the carboxylate group), it will have three lone pairs.

For each oxygen atom in the structure, add the appropriate number of lone pairs. For example, the oxygen in the hydroxyl group (-OH) will have two lone pairs, while the negatively charged oxygen in the carboxylate group (-COO⁻) will have three lone pairs.

Ensure that the lone pairs are drawn as pairs of dots around the oxygen atoms, positioned to reflect the tetrahedral or planar geometry of the molecule.

Double-check the structure to confirm that all lone pairs are added correctly and that the formal charges on the atoms are consistent with the number of lone pairs added.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Lone Pairs

Lone pairs are pairs of valence electrons that are not shared with another atom and are not involved in bonding. They are crucial for determining the geometry and reactivity of molecules. In organic chemistry, recognizing lone pairs is essential for understanding molecular shapes, predicting reaction mechanisms, and identifying sites of nucleophilicity or electrophilicity.

Line-Angle Drawings

Line-angle drawings, also known as skeletal structures, are a shorthand representation of organic molecules where vertices represent carbon atoms and lines represent bonds. This notation simplifies the depiction of complex molecules by omitting hydrogen atoms attached to carbons and emphasizing the connectivity of the molecule. Understanding how to interpret and modify these drawings is vital for visualizing molecular structures.

Molecular Geometry

Molecular geometry refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms within a molecule. It is influenced by the presence of lone pairs, which can affect bond angles and overall shape. Familiarity with molecular geometry helps predict the physical and chemical properties of substances, as well as their reactivity in various chemical reactions.

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