Textbook Question
Identify the product when each of the following reactions is performed on the triglyceride of linoleic acid (linoleate).
(b) H2 , Ni (partial hydrogenation)
10. Addition Reactions
Hydrogenation
3:54 minutesProblem 45f(ix,x)
Textbook Question
Predict the product(s) that would result when the alkenes are allowed to react under the following conditions: (ix) H2, Pd/C; and (x) D2, Pd/C.
(f) 
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Analyze the given alkene structure. The molecule contains a double bond, which is the reactive site for hydrogenation reactions. The double bond is located between two carbon atoms in the structure.
Step 2: Understand the reaction conditions. (ix) H₂, Pd/C indicates catalytic hydrogenation using hydrogen gas and palladium on carbon as a catalyst. This reaction will convert the double bond into a single bond by adding hydrogen atoms to the carbons involved in the double bond.
Step 3: Predict the product for (ix). The double bond will be reduced to a single bond, and two hydrogen atoms will be added to the carbons that were part of the double bond. The stereochemistry of the product is typically not specified in catalytic hydrogenation unless the reaction is stereoselective.
Step 4: Understand the reaction conditions for (x). D₂, Pd/C indicates catalytic deuteration using deuterium gas (D₂) and palladium on carbon as a catalyst. This reaction is similar to hydrogenation but uses deuterium instead of hydrogen. The double bond will be reduced to a single bond, and two deuterium atoms will be added to the carbons involved in the double bond.
Step 5: Predict the product for (x). The double bond will be reduced to a single bond, and two deuterium atoms will be added to the carbons that were part of the double bond. The stereochemistry of the product is typically not specified unless the reaction is stereoselective.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Hydrogenation of Alkenes
Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction that involves the addition of hydrogen (H₂) across the double bond of alkenes, converting them into alkanes. This reaction typically requires a catalyst, such as palladium on carbon (Pd/C), which facilitates the process by lowering the activation energy. The result is a saturated hydrocarbon, where the double bond is replaced by single bonds.
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Deuteration of Alkenes
Deuteration is similar to hydrogenation but involves the addition of deuterium (D₂) instead of hydrogen. Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen, and its incorporation into the alkene results in a product that contains deuterium atoms. This reaction also requires a catalyst like Pd/C and is useful in studies involving isotopic labeling in organic chemistry.
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Stereochemistry of Addition Reactions
The stereochemistry of addition reactions refers to the spatial arrangement of atoms in the product formed from the addition of reagents to alkenes. In hydrogenation and deuteration, the addition occurs in a syn fashion, meaning that both hydrogen or deuterium atoms add to the same side of the double bond. This can lead to specific stereoisomers, which are important in determining the properties and reactivity of the resulting compounds.
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