Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

2. Molecular Representations

Functional Groups

Organic Chemistry

2. Molecular Representations

Functional Groups

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following functional groups is most likely to act as a nucleophile in organic reactions?

Carbonyl group (C=O)

Amide group (-CONH2)

Nitro group (-NO2)

Hydroxyl group (-OH)

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the concept of a nucleophile: A nucleophile is a chemical species that donates an electron pair to form a chemical bond in reaction. Nucleophiles are typically rich in electrons and have a negative charge or lone pairs of electrons.

Analyze the functional groups: Consider the electron density and availability of lone pairs in each functional group. The carbonyl group (C=O) has a polarized double bond, but the oxygen is more electronegative, making it less likely to donate electrons. The amide group (-CONH2) has resonance stabilization, reducing its nucleophilicity. The nitro group (-NO2) is electron-withdrawing, making it a poor nucleophile.

Focus on the hydroxyl group (-OH): The hydroxyl group has a lone pair of electrons on the oxygen atom, which can be readily donated in a reaction, making it a good nucleophile.

Consider the electronegativity and resonance effects: The oxygen in the hydroxyl group is less hindered and more available to participate in nucleophilic reactions compared to the other groups listed.

Conclude that the hydroxyl group (-OH) is the most likely to act as a nucleophile due to its electron-rich nature and availability of lone pairs for bonding.