Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

3. Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry Reactions

Organic Chemistry

3. Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry Reactions

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Multiple Choice

In the context of organic chemistry reactions, how do base analogs lead to mutations?

By directly breaking the phosphodiester bonds in DNA.

By incorporating into DNA and pairing incorrectly during replication.

By inhibiting DNA polymerase activity.

By causing the formation of thymine dimers.

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the concept of base analogs: Base analogs are chemical compounds that resemble the normal nucleobases found in DNA. They can be incorporated into DNA during replication due to their structural similarity.

Explore how base analogs incorporate into DNA: During DNA replication, base analogs can be mistakenly used by DNA polymerase in place of the normal bases, leading to their incorporation into the DNA strand.

Examine the pairing errors caused by base analogs: Once incorporated, base analogs can pair incorrectly with the opposite strand during subsequent rounds of replication. This mispairing can lead to mutations.

Consider the impact of incorrect pairing: The incorrect pairing during DNA replication can result in a permanent change in the DNA sequence, known as a mutation, which can affect the function of genes.

Reflect on the consequences of mutations: Mutations caused by base analogs can lead to various effects, ranging from benign changes to significant alterations in protein function, potentially leading to diseases or altered traits.