Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways

Intro to Metabolism

Organic Chemistry

33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways

Intro to Metabolism

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Multiple Choice

What happens to the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 after they participate in the electron transport chain?

They are oxidized to NAD+ and FAD.

They are reduced to NADH2 and FADH3.

They are converted into ATP directly.

They are used to synthesize glucose.

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the role of NADH and FADH2: These are electron carriers that play a crucial role in cellular respiration, specifically in the electron transport chain (ETC). They donate electrons to the chain, which is essential for ATP production.

Identify the process of oxidation in the ETC: In the electron transport chain, NADH and FADH2 are oxidized. This means they lose electrons, which are transferred through a series of proteins embedded in the mitochondrial membrane.

Recognize the products of oxidation: When NADH and FADH2 are oxidized, they are converted back to their oxidized forms, NAD+ and FAD, respectively. This is because they have donated their electrons to the electron transport chain.

Clarify the fate of the electrons: The electrons donated by NADH and FADH2 move through the electron transport chain, ultimately reducing oxygen to form water. This electron flow is coupled with the pumping of protons across the mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient.

Explain the role of the proton gradient: The proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain is used by ATP synthase to produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. This is the primary way ATP is generated in the mitochondria, rather than direct conversion from NADH or FADH2.