Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Intro to Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Intro to Organic Chemistry

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes how molecular clocks are used to measure evolutionary time in organic chemistry?

Molecular clocks analyze the frequency of enzyme activity to predict evolutionary changes.

Molecular clocks measure the rate of chemical reactions to determine the age of molecules.

Molecular clocks track the decay of radioactive isotopes in organic compounds.

Molecular clocks use the mutation rate of biomolecules to estimate the time of evolutionary divergence.

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the concept of molecular clocks: Molecular clocks are tools used to estimate the time of evolutionary divergence between species by analyzing the mutation rate of biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, or proteins.

Recognize the role of mutation rates: Mutations occur at a relatively constant rate over time, allowing scientists to use them as a 'clock' to measure evolutionary time. This is based on the assumption that the number of mutations is proportional to the time elapsed since two species diverged.

Differentiate from other methods: Unlike methods that measure enzyme activity, chemical reaction rates, or radioactive decay, molecular clocks specifically focus on genetic mutations to track evolutionary changes.

Apply molecular clocks in evolutionary studies: By comparing the genetic sequences of different species, scientists can estimate the time since they shared a common ancestor, providing insights into evolutionary history.

Consider the limitations: While molecular clocks are useful, they rely on assumptions about mutation rates and may be influenced by factors such as environmental changes or natural selection, which can affect the accuracy of time estimates.