Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Intro to Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Intro to Organic Chemistry

Previous problemNext problem

Struggling with Organic Chemistry?

Join thousands of students who trust us to help them ace their exams!Watch the first video

Multiple Choice

Which organisms are commonly used to manufacture human insulin in biotechnology?

Bacillus subtilis

Escherichia coli

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Previous problemNext problem

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the context: Biotechnology often uses microorganisms to produce substances like human insulin. This process involves genetic engineering to insert the human insulin gene into the microorganism's DNA.

Identify the common microorganisms used: The most commonly used organisms for manufacturing human insulin are Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These organisms are chosen due to their ability to express foreign genes efficiently.

Consider the characteristics of Escherichia coli: E. coli is a bacterium that is widely used in biotechnology because it grows quickly, is easy to manipulate genetically, and can produce large quantities of proteins.

Consider the characteristics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: This yeast is also used in biotechnology for insulin production. It is favored for its ability to perform post-translational modifications similar to human cells, which is important for the proper functioning of insulin.

Evaluate the options: Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are not commonly used for insulin production. Bacillus subtilis is used for other types of protein production, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa is not typically used due to pathogenicity concerns.