Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Intro to Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Intro to Organic Chemistry

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Multiple Choice

In the context of organic chemistry, what is the direct result of electrons moving through the electron transport chain?

Formation of ATP directly

Generation of a proton gradient across the membrane

Reduction of NAD+ to NADH

Oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the electron transport chain: In organic chemistry, the electron transport chain is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions. This process is coupled with the transfer of protons (H⁺ ions) across a membrane.

Identify the main function: The primary function of the electron transport chain is to create a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. This gradient is essential for the synthesis of ATP, but ATP is not formed directly by the electron transport chain.

Recognize the role of NADH and FADH₂: Electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH₂ to the electron transport chain. These molecules are oxidized, meaning they lose electrons, which are then passed through the chain.

Explain the proton gradient: As electrons move through the chain, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient. This gradient is a form of potential energy used by ATP synthase to generate ATP.

Clarify the indirect formation of ATP: The movement of electrons through the electron transport chain does not directly form ATP. Instead, it generates a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis when protons flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase.