Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect

Infrared Spectroscopy

Organic Chemistry

15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect

Infrared Spectroscopy

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3:53 minutes

Problem 16c

Textbook Question

Calculate the reduced mass for the following bonds.
(c) C―Cl

Verified step by step guidance

Identify the atomic masses of the elements involved in the bond. For carbon (C), the atomic mass is approximately 12 amu (atomic mass units), and for chlorine (Cl), it is approximately 35.5 amu.

Use the formula for reduced mass, which is given by:

μ = \frac{m_1 m_2}{m_1 + m_2}

, where

m_1

and

m_2

are the atomic masses of the two atoms.

Substitute the atomic masses of carbon and chlorine into the reduced mass formula:

μ = \frac{12 \times 35.5}{12 + 35.5}

Simplify the expression in the numerator:

12 \times 35.5

Add the atomic masses in the denominator:

12 + 35.5

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Reduced Mass

Reduced mass is a concept used in physics and chemistry to simplify the two-body problem, particularly in molecular vibrations and rotational motion. It is defined as μ = (m1 * m2) / (m1 + m2), where m1 and m2 are the masses of the two atoms involved in the bond. This value allows us to treat the two-body system as a single particle with mass μ, facilitating calculations in molecular dynamics.

Atomic Mass

Atomic mass is the mass of an atom, typically expressed in atomic mass units (amu). It is approximately equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom's nucleus. For calculating the reduced mass of a bond like C―Cl, the atomic masses of carbon (approximately 12 amu) and chlorine (approximately 35.5 amu) are used to determine the individual masses (m1 and m2) in the reduced mass formula.

Bond in Molecular Systems

In molecular systems, a bond represents the interaction between two atoms, which can be described by their shared electrons. Understanding the nature of the bond, such as C―Cl, is crucial for calculating properties like reduced mass, as it involves the specific atoms and their respective masses. This concept is fundamental in predicting molecular behavior, such as vibrational frequencies and rotational spectra.