Show how you would accomplish the following synthetic conversions.
(e) (R)-2-bromobutane → (S)-butan-2-amine

Synthesize from benzene. (Hint: All of these require diazonium ions.)

(c) 2-methyl-5-hydroxybenzoic acid

Synthesize Novocaine from benzene and any other reagents of four carbons or fewer.

Show how m-toluidine can be converted to the following compounds, using any necessary reagents.

(b)

Show how you would accomplish the following synthetic conversions.

(d) pentanoic acid → hexan-1-amine

Show how you can synthesize the following tertiary amine three different ways, each using a different secondary amine and adding the final substituent by (b) acylation–reduction (3 ways).

The two most general amine syntheses are the reductive amination of carbonyl compounds and the reduction of amides. Show how these techniques can be used to accomplish the following syntheses.

(a) benzoic acid → benzylamine

Reduction of two different carboxylic acid derivatives with LiAlH₄ would give the amine shown. Identify these carboxylic acid derivatives.

Predict the product of the following reaction sequences.

(b)