Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
Nucleophilic substitution reactions involve the replacement of a leaving group in a molecule by a nucleophile. In this case, the bromine atom (Br) is the leaving group, and sodium cyanide (NaCN) provides the cyanide ion (CN-) as the nucleophile. Understanding the mechanism of these reactions, such as whether they proceed via an SN1 or SN2 pathway, is crucial for predicting the outcome of the reaction.
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Nucleophiles and Electrophiles can react in Substitution Reactions.
SN2 Mechanism
The SN2 mechanism is a type of nucleophilic substitution characterized by a single concerted step where the nucleophile attacks the electrophile from the opposite side of the leaving group. This results in a transition state where both the nucleophile and the leaving group are partially bonded to the carbon atom. The reaction is stereospecific, leading to inversion of configuration at the carbon center, which is relevant in this substitution reaction.
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Solvent Effects in Organic Reactions
The choice of solvent can significantly influence the rate and outcome of organic reactions. DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) is a polar aprotic solvent that stabilizes ions and enhances the nucleophilicity of the cyanide ion in this reaction. Understanding how solvents affect reaction mechanisms is essential for predicting reaction behavior and optimizing conditions for desired products.
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General format of reactions and how to interpret solvents.