Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 40m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

3. Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry Reactions

Organic Chemistry

3. Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry Reactions

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Multiple Choice

Which reagent is necessary to complete a nucleophilic substitution reaction in organic chemistry?

Bromine (Br2)

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

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Verified step by step guidance

Identify the type of nucleophilic substitution reaction: Nucleophilic substitution reactions can be classified as either SN1 or SN2. Determine which type is relevant based on the substrate and reaction conditions.

Understand the role of the nucleophile: In a nucleophilic substitution reaction, a nucleophile donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond with the substrate. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) acts as a strong nucleophile due to the presence of the hydroxide ion (OH⁻).

Consider the leaving group: For a successful nucleophilic substitution, the substrate must have a good leaving group. Common leaving groups include halides like bromide (Br⁻).

Evaluate the reaction conditions: SN2 reactions typically occur in polar aprotic solvents and involve a strong nucleophile like NaOH. SN1 reactions, on the other hand, often occur in polar protic solvents and may not require a strong nucleophile.

Select the appropriate reagent: Based on the need for a strong nucleophile in many nucleophilic substitution reactions, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is often used to facilitate the reaction by providing the hydroxide ion (OH⁻) as the nucleophile.