Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

3. Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry Reactions

Organic Chemistry

3. Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry Reactions

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is true about vitamin A toxicity in the context of organic chemistry reactions?

Vitamin A toxicity is caused by the excessive conversion of retinol to retinal, leading to oxidative stress.

Vitamin A toxicity is due to the overproduction of vitamin D, which interferes with vitamin A metabolism.

Vitamin A toxicity results from the inability to convert beta-carotene to retinol, causing cellular damage.

Vitamin A toxicity is primarily due to the accumulation of retinoic acid, which can disrupt cellular differentiation.

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the structure and function of Vitamin A: Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that includes retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. Each form has distinct roles in the body, such as vision (retinal) and cellular differentiation (retinoic acid).

Recognize the metabolic pathways: Retinol can be converted to retinal and then to retinoic acid. These conversions are crucial for the biological functions of Vitamin A, but excessive accumulation of any form can lead to toxicity.

Identify the role of retinoic acid: Retinoic acid is a metabolite of Vitamin A that plays a significant role in gene expression and cellular differentiation. However, its excessive accumulation can disrupt these processes, leading to toxicity.

Evaluate the statements: Analyze each statement based on the known biochemical pathways and effects of Vitamin A metabolites. Consider the role of retinoic acid in cellular differentiation and its potential to cause toxicity when accumulated.

Conclude with the correct statement: Based on the understanding of Vitamin A metabolism and its effects, the statement that Vitamin A toxicity is primarily due to the accumulation of retinoic acid, which can disrupt cellular differentiation, is the most accurate.