Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect

1H NMR:Number of Signals

Organic Chemistry

15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect

1H NMR:Number of Signals

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1:44 minutes

Problem 14a

Textbook Question

How many sets of equivalent hydrogens are in each molecule shown?
(a)

Verified step by step guidance

Identify the molecular structure of the given molecule. Look for symmetry and identical groups within the molecule.

Examine the molecule for any planes of symmetry or rotational symmetry. Equivalent hydrogens are those that are indistinguishable by symmetry.

Consider the chemical environment of each hydrogen atom. Hydrogens in the same chemical environment are equivalent.

Group hydrogens that are in identical environments, such as those attached to the same type of carbon or in similar positions relative to functional groups.

Count the number of distinct groups of equivalent hydrogens. Each group represents a set of equivalent hydrogens.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Equivalent Hydrogens

Equivalent hydrogens are hydrogen atoms in a molecule that are in identical chemical environments. They exhibit the same chemical shift in NMR spectroscopy because they are indistinguishable in terms of their connectivity and spatial arrangement. Identifying equivalent hydrogens is crucial for understanding molecular symmetry and predicting NMR spectra.

Chemical Environment

The chemical environment of a hydrogen atom refers to the surrounding atoms and the electronic structure that influence its chemical behavior and properties. Factors such as nearby electronegative atoms, hybridization, and steric effects can alter the chemical environment, making hydrogens non-equivalent. Recognizing these environments helps in determining equivalency among hydrogens.

NMR Spectroscopy

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a technique used to observe the local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei. In organic chemistry, it is primarily used to identify the number of sets of equivalent hydrogens in a molecule. Each set of equivalent hydrogens produces a distinct signal, allowing chemists to deduce structural information about the molecule.