Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

28. Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide

Organic Chemistry

28. Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide

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Problem 1

Textbook Question

Classify the following monosaccharides:

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Identify the number of carbon atoms in the monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are classified based on the number of carbons as trioses (3 carbons), tetroses (4 carbons), pentoses (5 carbons), hexoses (6 carbons), etc.

Step 2: Determine the functional group present in the monosaccharide. If the monosaccharide contains an aldehyde group (-CHO), it is classified as an aldose. If it contains a ketone group (C=O), it is classified as a ketose.

Step 3: Combine the information from Steps 1 and 2 to name the monosaccharide. For example, a monosaccharide with 6 carbons and an aldehyde group is called an aldohexose, while one with 5 carbons and a ketone group is called a ketopentose.

Step 4: Analyze the stereochemistry of the monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are chiral molecules, and their stereochemistry is determined by the configuration of the chiral centers. Use the Fischer projection to identify the D- or L- configuration based on the orientation of the hydroxyl group (-OH) on the penultimate carbon (the second-to-last carbon).

Step 5: If applicable, identify any additional structural features, such as whether the monosaccharide is in its cyclic form (e.g., pyranose or furanose) or linear form. This can further refine the classification.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar units. They serve as the building blocks for more complex carbohydrates like disaccharides and polysaccharides. Common examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose, which can vary in structure and functional groups, influencing their properties and biological roles.

Classification of Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides can be classified based on the number of carbon atoms they contain and the functional groups present. They are typically categorized as aldoses, which have an aldehyde group, or ketoses, which have a ketone group. Additionally, they can be further classified into trioses, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses, depending on whether they have three, four, five, or six carbon atoms, respectively.

Structural Isomerism

Structural isomerism refers to the phenomenon where compounds with the same molecular formula have different structural arrangements. In monosaccharides, this can lead to different isomers, such as D- and L- forms, which are mirror images of each other. Understanding structural isomerism is crucial for classifying monosaccharides accurately, as different isomers can have distinct biochemical properties and functions.

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