Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics

Energy Diagram

Organic Chemistry

6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics

Energy Diagram

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Problem 62e(vi)

Textbook Question

For the following acid–base pairs, (vi) draw a reaction coordinate diagram.
(e)

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Identify the acid and base in the given reaction. In this case, the acid is ethanol (CH3CH2OH), and the base is the formate ion (HCOO⁻). The reaction involves proton transfer between these species.

Step 2: Write the chemical equation for the acid-base reaction. The formate ion (HCOO⁻) will accept a proton from ethanol (CH3CH2OH), forming formic acid (HCOOH) and ethoxide ion (CH3CH2O⁻).

Step 3: Understand the energy changes in the reaction. The reaction coordinate diagram will show the energy of the reactants (ethanol and formate ion), the transition state, and the products (formic acid and ethoxide ion).

Step 4: Sketch the reaction coordinate diagram. The x-axis represents the reaction progress, while the y-axis represents the energy. The reactants start at a certain energy level, the transition state is at the highest energy point, and the products are at a lower energy level if the reaction is exergonic or higher if endergonic.

Step 5: Label the diagram appropriately. Include the reactants, transition state, and products. Indicate the activation energy (difference between reactants and transition state) and the overall energy change (difference between reactants and products).

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Acid-Base Theory

Acid-base theory explains the behavior of acids and bases in chemical reactions. According to the Brønsted-Lowry theory, acids are proton donors while bases are proton acceptors. Understanding this concept is crucial for analyzing acid-base pairs and predicting the direction of reactions.

Reaction Coordinate Diagram

A reaction coordinate diagram visually represents the energy changes during a chemical reaction. It plots the potential energy of the reactants and products against the progress of the reaction. This diagram helps illustrate the transition states, activation energy, and the relative stability of reactants and products.

Equilibrium and Stability

Equilibrium in acid-base reactions refers to the state where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. The stability of the acid-base pairs influences the position of equilibrium, with stronger acids favoring the formation of weaker conjugate bases. Understanding these concepts is essential for predicting the outcome of acid-base reactions.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

(a) On a reaction coordinate diagram, show why a general, one-step reaction is faster when a catalyst is employed.

(b) Why does a catalyst often allow a reaction to proceed at lower temperatures?

Textbook Question

For the following acid–base pairs, (v) show a mechanism for the reaction; and (vi) draw a reaction coordinate diagram.

(f)

Textbook Question

Identify the nucleophile and the electrophile in the following acid–base reactions:

Textbook Question

Within the following pairs, pick which reaction you would expect to be faster based on having a higher value of the frequency factor (A).

(b)

Textbook Question

Parts (a)–(f) of this assessment refer to the rotation around the single bond of ethane.

Textbook Question

All things being equal, would you expect a first-order reaction to be faster or slower than a second-order reaction?

Textbook Question

Parts (a)–(f) of this assessment refer to the rotation around the single bond of ethane.

(b) What is the order of the reaction with regard to ethane?

Textbook Question

When a small piece of platinum is added to a mixture of ethene and hydrogen, the following reaction occurs: Ethene

Doubling the concentration of hydrogen has no effect on the reaction rate. Doubling the concentration of ethene also has no effect.

a. What is the kinetic order of this reaction with respect to ethene? With respect to hydrogen? What is the overall order?

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For the following acid–base pairs, (vi) draw a reaction coordinate diagram.(e)

Key Concepts

Acid-Base Theory

Reaction Coordinate Diagram

Equilibrium and Stability

Watch next

For the following acid–base pairs, (vi) draw a reaction coordinate diagram.
(e)