Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

2. Molecular Representations

Functional Groups

Organic Chemistry

2. Molecular Representations

Functional Groups

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Multiple Choice

Which characteristic of carbon makes it essential to living organisms?

Its ability to form ionic bonds

Its metallic properties

Its ability to form four covalent bonds

Its high electronegativity

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Verified step by step guidance

Carbon is a non-metal element with an atomic number of 6, which means it has 6 electrons. These electrons are arranged in two energy levels: the first level has 2 electrons, and the second level has 4 electrons.

The second energy level can hold up to 8 electrons, so carbon has 4 valence electrons available for bonding. This allows carbon to form covalent bonds by sharing electrons with other atoms.

Carbon's ability to form four covalent bonds is crucial because it can create a wide variety of stable compounds, including long chains and rings, which are the backbone of organic molecules.

The versatility of carbon in forming single, double, and triple bonds, as well as complex structures like branched chains and rings, is essential for the diversity of organic compounds found in living organisms.

Carbon's ability to form stable covalent bonds with other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur is fundamental to the structure and function of biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.