Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

3. Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry Reactions

Organic Chemistry

3. Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry Reactions

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Multiple Choice

In the context of organic chemistry reactions, what is the primary outcome of the dark reactions in photosynthesis?

ATP is produced from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

NADPH is oxidized to NADP+.

Oxygen is released as a byproduct.

Glucose is synthesized from carbon dioxide and water.

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand that photosynthesis consists of two main stages: the light reactions and the dark reactions (Calvin Cycle). The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes and produce ATP and NADPH, which are used in the dark reactions.

Recognize that the dark reactions, also known as the Calvin Cycle, take place in the stroma of the chloroplasts and do not require light directly. They use the ATP and NADPH generated in the light reactions.

Identify the main purpose of the dark reactions: to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. This process is known as carbon fixation.

Learn the key steps of the Calvin Cycle: carbon fixation, reduction phase, carbohydrate formation, and regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). These steps involve a series of enzyme-mediated reactions.

Understand that the Calvin Cycle ultimately results in the synthesis of glucose, which serves as an energy source for the plant and can be stored as starch or used to build other organic molecules.