Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

2. Molecular Representations

Functional Groups

Organic Chemistry

2. Molecular Representations

Functional Groups

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Multiple Choice

Why is a carbonyl group considered polar?

Because the oxygen atom is more electronegative than the carbon atom, creating a dipole moment.

Because the carbonyl group has a symmetrical structure, leading to a nonpolar characteristic.

Because both the carbon and oxygen atoms have equal electronegativity, resulting in no dipole moment.

Because the carbon atom is more electronegative than the oxygen atom, creating a dipole moment.

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Verified step by step guidance

Identify the atoms involved in the carbonyl group: a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.

Understand the concept of electronegativity: Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond.

Compare the electronegativities of carbon and oxygen: Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon, meaning it attracts electrons more strongly.

Analyze the electron distribution in the carbonyl group: Due to oxygen's higher electronegativity, the electrons in the C=O bond are pulled closer to the oxygen atom.

Conclude the effect of this electron distribution: The unequal sharing of electrons creates a dipole moment, with a partial negative charge on the oxygen and a partial positive charge on the carbon, making the carbonyl group polar.