Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways

ATP and Energy

Organic Chemistry

33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways

ATP and Energy

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Multiple Choice

What roles do ADP and ATP play in the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

ATP is synthesized during the light-independent reactions and used in the light-dependent reactions.

ADP is converted to ATP during the light-dependent reactions, providing energy for the light-independent reactions.

ADP and ATP are both used as electron carriers in the light-independent reactions.

ATP is converted to ADP during the light-dependent reactions, releasing energy for the light-independent reactions.

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the basic concepts of photosynthesis, which consists of light-dependent and light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes and require sunlight, while the light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle, occur in the stroma of chloroplasts and do not require light directly.

Recognize the role of ATP and ADP in cellular energy transfer. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a high-energy molecule that provides energy for various cellular processes, while ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is a lower-energy molecule that can be converted back into ATP.

In the light-dependent reactions, ADP is phosphorylated to form ATP. This process occurs as light energy is captured by chlorophyll and used to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi). This can be represented as:

{ADP}_{+} {Pi}_{\to} ATP

ATP produced in the light-dependent reactions is then used in the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) to provide the energy necessary for the conversion of carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose. This highlights the role of ATP as an energy carrier between the two phases of photosynthesis.

ADP is not used as an electron carrier in the light-independent reactions. Instead, ATP is hydrolyzed back to ADP, releasing energy that drives the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide. This can be represented as: