Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

3. Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry Reactions

Organic Chemistry

3. Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry Reactions

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Multiple Choice

In the context of organic chemistry reactions, what happens to the gram-negative cell wall during the decolorization step of the Gram staining process?

The cell wall becomes more permeable to iodine.

The cell wall loses the crystal violet stain.

The cell wall becomes thicker.

The cell wall retains the crystal violet stain.

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the Gram staining process: Gram staining is a method used to differentiate bacterial species into two groups based on the properties of their cell walls. The two groups are Gram-positive and Gram-negative.

Recognize the structure of Gram-negative cell walls: Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, which is different from the thicker peptidoglycan layer found in Gram-positive bacteria.

Identify the role of the decolorization step: During the Gram staining process, the decolorization step involves washing the cells with alcohol or acetone, which affects the cell wall's ability to retain the crystal violet stain.

Analyze the effect on Gram-negative bacteria: The alcohol or acetone dissolves the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and increases the permeability of the thin peptidoglycan layer, causing the crystal violet-iodine complex to be washed out.

Conclude the outcome: As a result, Gram-negative bacteria lose the crystal violet stain during the decolorization step, which is why they do not retain the purple color and instead take up the counterstain (usually safranin), appearing pink under a microscope.