If Kekulé's original hypothesis had been correct and benzene was really an equilibrium between two structures, how many distinct isomers would exist for 1,2-dichlorobenzene?

Using the information in Figure 16-2, calculate the values of ∆H° for the following reactions:

(c)

Does the MO energy diagram of cyclooctatetraene (Figure 16-8) appear to be a particularly stable or unstable configuration? Explain.

Molecule A is significantly more water soluble than molecule B. Justify this observation.

a. Draw the resonance forms of benzene, cyclobutadiene, and cyclooctatetraene, showing all the carbon and hydrogen atoms.

b. Assuming that these molecules are all planar, show how the p orbitals on the sp2 hybrid carbon atoms form continuous rings of overlapping orbitals above and below the plane of the carbon atoms.

Using the information in Figure 16-2, calculate the values of ∆H° for the following reactions:

(a)

Using the information in Figure 16-2, calculate the values of ∆H° for the following reactions:

(b)

Using the information in Figure 16-2, calculate the values of ∆H° for the following reactions:

(c)