Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways

ATP and Energy

Organic Chemistry

33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways

ATP and Energy

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Multiple Choice

How many ATP molecules are required to synthesize one complete glucose molecule during gluconeogenesis?

4 ATP molecules

6 ATP molecules

12 ATP molecules

2 ATP molecules

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand that gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, which is essentially the reverse of glycolysis.

Recognize that gluconeogenesis requires energy input in the form of ATP and GTP to drive the endergonic reactions that are not simply the reverse of glycolysis.

Identify the key steps in gluconeogenesis that require ATP: the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

Note that the conversion of pyruvate to PEP involves two steps: pyruvate carboxylase converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate using 1 ATP, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase converts oxaloacetate to PEP using 1 GTP. This occurs twice for each glucose molecule, consuming 2 ATP and 2 GTP in total.

Calculate the total ATP requirement: 4 ATP are used in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2 ATP per molecule, twice for each glucose), and 2 ATP are used in the conversion of pyruvate to PEP, resulting in a total of 6 ATP and 2 GTP, which is equivalent to 12 ATP molecules when considering the energy equivalence of GTP to ATP.