Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition

Nucleophilic Addition

Organic Chemistry

21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition

Nucleophilic Addition

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a reason a ketone is less reactive than an aldehyde?

The resulting alkoxide from reaction with a ketone is less stable than the reaction with an aldehyde.

The zwitterion form of the ketone is less reactive due to hyperconjugation.

The ketone carbonyl carbon is more sterically hindered.

The ketone carbonyl carbon is better stabilized by an EDG.

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the structural differences between ketones and aldehydes. Ketones have two alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon, whereas aldehydes have one alkyl group and one hydrogen atom.

Consider the steric hindrance around the carbonyl carbon. Ketones, with two alkyl groups, are more sterically hindered than aldehydes, which can affect reactivity.

Evaluate the electronic effects. Ketones have two electron-donating groups (EDGs) that can stabilize the carbonyl carbon, whereas aldehydes have only one, making ketones less reactive.

Analyze the stability of the resulting alkoxide. The alkoxide formed from a ketone reaction is less stable due to the presence of two alkyl groups, compared to the alkoxide from an aldehyde reaction.

Consider hyperconjugation effects. The zwitterion form of a ketone can be less reactive due to hyperconjugation, which involves the interaction of electrons in sigma bonds with the empty p-orbitals of the carbonyl carbon.