Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

3. Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases

Organic Chemistry

3. Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases

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Multiple Choice

In the context of acids and bases, what is the proton-motive force?

The attraction between protons and electrons in a covalent bond

The energy generated by the transfer of protons across a membrane

The force that drives the dissociation of acids in water

The energy required to remove a proton from a neutral molecule

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand that the proton-motive force is a concept primarily used in biochemistry and cellular biology, not directly in organic chemistry, but it relates to the movement of protons (H⁺ ions) across a membrane.

Recognize that the proton-motive force is generated by the transfer of protons across a biological membrane, such as the inner mitochondrial membrane or the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts.

The movement of protons creates an electrochemical gradient, which is a combination of a difference in proton concentration (pH gradient) and an electrical potential across the membrane.

This electrochemical gradient stores potential energy, which can be used by the cell to perform work, such as synthesizing ATP through ATP synthase.

In summary, the proton-motive force is the energy generated by the transfer of protons across a membrane, which is crucial for processes like ATP production in cellular respiration and photosynthesis.