Table of contents

1. A Review of General Chemistry5h 5m
2. Molecular Representations1h 14m
3. Acids and Bases2h 46m
4. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes4h 17m
5. Chirality3h 39m
6. Thermodynamics and Kinetics1h 22m
7. Substitution Reactions1h 48m
8. Elimination Reactions2h 30m
9. Alkenes and Alkynes2h 9m
10. Addition Reactions3h 19m
11. Radical Reactions1h 58m
12. Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides and Thiols2h 42m
13. Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds2h 17m
14. Synthetic Techniques1h 26m
15. Analytical Techniques:IR, NMR, Mass Spect7h 3m
16. Conjugated Systems6h 13m
17. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy51m
18. Aromaticity2h 34m
19. Reactions of Aromatics: EAS and Beyond5h 1m
20. Phenols55m
21. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition4h 56m
22. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: NAS2h 51m
23. The Chemistry of Thioesters, Phophate Ester and Phosphate Anhydrides1h 10m
24. Enolate Chemistry: Reactions at the Alpha-Carbon1h 53m
25. Condensation Chemistry2h 9m
26. Amines1h 43m
27. Heterocycles2h 0m
28. Carbohydrates5h 53m
29. Amino Acids4h 20m
30. Peptides and Proteins2h 42m
31. Catalysis in Organic Reactions1h 30m
32. Lipids 2h 50m
33. The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways2h 52m
34. Nucleic Acids1h 32m
35. Transition Metals6h 14m
36. Synthetic Polymers1h 49m

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Electronegativity

Organic Chemistry

1. A Review of General Chemistry

Electronegativity

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4:06 minutes

Problem 60c

Textbook Question

Refer to the electrostatic potential maps <IMAGE> to answer the following questions:
c. Why is the center of the electrostatic potential map of benzene more red than the center of the electrostatic potential map of pyridine?

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the concept of electrostatic potential maps. These maps represent the distribution of electron density in a molecule, where red regions indicate areas of high electron density (negative potential) and blue regions indicate areas of low electron density (positive potential).

Step 2: Analyze the structure of benzene and pyridine. Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon with a delocalized π-electron system, while pyridine is an aromatic heterocycle containing a nitrogen atom in the ring.

Step 3: Consider the effect of the nitrogen atom in pyridine. The nitrogen atom is more electronegative than carbon, and it pulls electron density toward itself, reducing the electron density in the center of the ring compared to benzene.

Step 4: Relate the electrostatic potential map colors to electron density. In benzene, the delocalized π-electrons contribute to a higher electron density in the center of the ring, making it appear more red. In pyridine, the nitrogen atom's electronegativity reduces the electron density in the center, making it less red.

Step 5: Conclude that the center of the electrostatic potential map of benzene is more red than pyridine because benzene has a uniformly delocalized π-electron system, while pyridine's nitrogen atom withdraws electron density, reducing the negative potential in the center.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Electrostatic Potential Maps

Electrostatic potential maps visually represent the distribution of electron density within a molecule. Areas of high electron density appear in red, indicating regions of negative charge, while blue areas indicate positive charge. These maps help in understanding molecular interactions, reactivity, and the overall charge distribution, which is crucial for comparing different compounds like benzene and pyridine.

Aromaticity and Electron Delocalization

Aromatic compounds, such as benzene, exhibit unique stability due to electron delocalization across a cyclic structure. This delocalization leads to a more uniform distribution of electron density, affecting the electrostatic potential map. In contrast, pyridine, while also aromatic, has a nitrogen atom that influences electron distribution, resulting in different charge characteristics compared to benzene.

Influence of Heteroatoms on Charge Distribution

The presence of heteroatoms, like nitrogen in pyridine, alters the electron density and charge distribution within a molecule. Heteroatoms can withdraw electron density due to their electronegativity, leading to regions of positive charge. This effect can be observed in electrostatic potential maps, where the center of pyridine may show less red (indicating lower electron density) compared to benzene, which lacks such heteroatoms.

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Textbook Question

For each alkene, indicate the direction of the dipole moment. For each pair, determine which compound has the larger dipole moment.

a. cis-1,2-difluoroethene or trans-1,2-difluoroethene

Textbook Question

Which compound has the greater electron density on its oxygen atom?

Textbook Question

Which compound has the greater electron density on its nitrogen atom?

Textbook Question

Which oxygen atom has the greater electron density?

Textbook Question

Which is more reactive, an organolithium compound or an organosodium compound? Explain your answer.

Textbook Question

(a) Rank the following bonds in terms of the strength of their bond dipole (1 = weakest, 6 = strongest).

(b) Which carbon has the largest δ⁺ ?

C―F, C―Br, C―I, C―H, C―C, C―Cl

Textbook Question

A mixture of seven amino acids (glycine, glutamate, leucine, lysine, alanine, isoleucine, and aspartate) is separated by chromatography. Explain why only six spots show up when the chromatographic plate is coated with ninhydrin and heated.

Textbook Question

Based on your answer to Assessment 2.22, would you expect a larger atom to be more or less electronegative than a smaller atom?

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Refer to the electrostatic potential maps <IMAGE> to answer the following questions:c. Why is the center of the electrostatic potential map of benzene more red than the center of the electrostatic potential map of pyridine?

Key Concepts

Electrostatic Potential Maps

Aromaticity and Electron Delocalization

Influence of Heteroatoms on Charge Distribution

Watch next

Refer to the electrostatic potential maps <IMAGE> to answer the following questions:
c. Why is the center of the electrostatic potential map of benzene more red than the center of the electrostatic potential map of pyridine?